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利用传统的组织病理学特征对食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)进行分型用以指导临床治疗存在较大局限性，建立ESCC的分子分型是精准治疗/个性化治疗的必然要求。目前ESCC的分子分型尚未形成共识，也未在临床广泛应用。从蛋白质水平、基因多态性、DNA甲基化到非编码RNA等层面的分子标志物与ESCC的发生发展、治疗应答、预后等生物学行为密切相关，有望基于这些分子标志物建立ESCC的分子分型体系，从而更好地指导临床实践。“,”The use of traditional histopathological characteristics to classify esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has great limitations to guide clinical treatment. The establishment of molecular classification of ESCC is an inevitable requirement for precise treatment/personalized treatment. At present, the molecular classification of ESCC has not yet reached a consensus, nor has it been widely used in clinical practice. Many molecular markers ranging from protein level, gene polymorphism, DNA methylation to non-coding RNA are closely related to the occurrence, development, treatment response, prognosis and other biological behaviors of ESCC. It is expected to establish the molecular typing system of ESCC based on these molecular markers to better guide clinical practice.