客观地讲,领导者决策中的失误,大多不是出于主观故意,而是由于理念和思维上的局限性造成的。近代著名思想家培根对人的思维误区有着精辟的阐述。培根在其《学习的进展》中讲到,人的思维错误可归为四种“偶像”。一是部落的偶像,即人们倾向于按照系统中现有的次序和规则来进行思考,而不是依据事实的真相来进行思考,实质上是一种先入为主的思维模式;二是洞穴的偶像,即个体依据自我的个性和好恶进行 Objectively speaking, most of the mistakes made by leaders in the decision-making are not due to subjective intent, but due to the limitations of ideas and thinking. The famous modern thinker Bacon has a brilliant exposition on human’s misunderstanding. Bacon mentioned in his “Progress in Learning,” that human error in thinking can be grouped into four “idols.” First, the idol of the tribe, that is, people tend to think in accordance with the existing order and rules in the system, rather than thinking based on the truth, is essentially a preconceived thinking mode; second, the idol of the cave The individual is based on his own personality and likes and dislikes