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书面表达是一个综合性很强的题目,要求考生运用所学语言知识,将试题提供的图、表或提纲呢等信息写成一篇内容完整、表达流畅、语言地道的文章,它要求考生不仅有丰富的词汇和语法知识,而且有比较强的语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力。
从历年高考应试卷来看,书面表达都是指导性写作,即按照试题所给素材框架进行写作。既然是“书面表达“,它不同于语文的作文,可以随意发挥,也不同于单句翻译,要有适当的发挥或增添适当的细节。
考生要写好一篇书面表达必须做到行文切题,紧扣主题,不遗漏要点并且意思连贯,文理通顺,语言准确得当。
考试大纲要求考生根据题示进行书面表达,考生应能:
1.准确使用语法和词汇;
2.使用一定的句型和词汇来清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。
考生需保证在正确使用语法、词汇、句型写出意义通顺、表达基本准确的前提下适当使用一些较高级的词汇和句式,并使用语篇结构词,使段落内、篇章内语义通顺,逻辑连贯。
高考书面表达新评分标准在语言的运用上对考生提出了更高的要求,在强调了语言准确性上更加注重用词的得体性,表达方式的多样性以及语言的连贯性,因此增强书面表达用词效果是提高书面表达得分策略的核心。
鼓励考生使用较高级词汇、词组以增加文采
一、尝试使用形容词和副词,既增强了文章的表现力,又使语言生动形象。
例1. Some of the students think it is no use going to college because it is extremely difficultto get asatisfactoryjob
例2 It is_strongly_ recommended that we should cultivate the good habit of takingregular exercise
二、尝试适当介使用词短语
例1. The manager had many problems to solve. He looked worried.
With many problems to solve, the manager looked worried.
例2. When he arrived home , he found his house freshly painted.
On his arrival home , he found his house freshly painted.
三、过渡词的恰当使用
1.表示罗列增加
besides / what’s more/ in addition / furthermore/ moreover /especially/ In particular/as well as
2.表示解释说明
in addition, for example, for instance,in this case,in fact,actually
3.表示时间顺序
at present, recently, after a while, firstly, secondly, lastly, to begin with,all of a sudden,
from then on,at the same time, meanwhile
4表示转折关系
however, while, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, despite, in spite of, except ,(for), after all
5.表示条件关系
as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless
6.表示因果关系
now that, thanks to..., due to..., therefore, as a result (of)
7.表示让步关系
as, even if, even though, whether ...or...
8.表示强调
indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all,
9.表示概括归纳
in a word, in short, in brief, generally speaking, as far as I know, As we know, as has been stated,as I have shown, As far as I am concerned, in summary
高考书面表达评分标准第五档中有这样一段话:“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但是尽力使用较复杂结构或高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。”
这就是说仅运用基本的句型,很难体现出较强的语言运用能力,即使表达没有错误,也得不了高分;相反,有个别的错误,但目的在于有意识地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇,仍属于高档次。
由此可见要提高书面表达档次,不仅要写出用词准确/逻辑清晰、简洁明了、可读性强的好句子,还应当根据实际情况灵活运用各种句式。也就是说,要想写出一篇高档次的文章,还应做到:
A.学会运用非谓语动词使文章的句子变得更加简洁,以增加文采,丰富语句的表现力,
例1 因为苏珊生病了,所以她不能去上学。
(1)Susan was ill in hospital.She couldn’t go to the concert. (现在分词)
(2)Being ill in hospital, Susan couldn’t go to the concert.
B.灵活变换句式,充分运用各种不同的表达方式来丰富文章的句式,使行文表达更加流畅有力。
下面就结合具体的例子介绍一下如何灵活变化句式。
1.简单句→并列句→复合句
例1 我母亲喜爱音乐,我父亲也是。
(1)Both my mother and my father are fond of music
(2)My mother likes music and my father likes music ,too/as well.
(3)My mother likes music ,so does my father。
没有公共汽车,我们只好步行回家。
例2 There being no bus ,we had to walk home ./Because of no bus ,we had to walk home .
(1)There was no bus ,and we had to walk home.
(2)As /Because there was no bus ,we had to walk home.
2主动语态→被动语态
例1 所有的老师都对他的脚法做出了高度评价。
(1)All of the teachers speak highly of his teaching methods.
(2)His teaching methods are highly thought of by all the teachers .
(河南省平顶山市四十一中)
从历年高考应试卷来看,书面表达都是指导性写作,即按照试题所给素材框架进行写作。既然是“书面表达“,它不同于语文的作文,可以随意发挥,也不同于单句翻译,要有适当的发挥或增添适当的细节。
考生要写好一篇书面表达必须做到行文切题,紧扣主题,不遗漏要点并且意思连贯,文理通顺,语言准确得当。
考试大纲要求考生根据题示进行书面表达,考生应能:
1.准确使用语法和词汇;
2.使用一定的句型和词汇来清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。
考生需保证在正确使用语法、词汇、句型写出意义通顺、表达基本准确的前提下适当使用一些较高级的词汇和句式,并使用语篇结构词,使段落内、篇章内语义通顺,逻辑连贯。
高考书面表达新评分标准在语言的运用上对考生提出了更高的要求,在强调了语言准确性上更加注重用词的得体性,表达方式的多样性以及语言的连贯性,因此增强书面表达用词效果是提高书面表达得分策略的核心。
鼓励考生使用较高级词汇、词组以增加文采
一、尝试使用形容词和副词,既增强了文章的表现力,又使语言生动形象。
例1. Some of the students think it is no use going to college because it is extremely difficultto get asatisfactoryjob
例2 It is_strongly_ recommended that we should cultivate the good habit of takingregular exercise
二、尝试适当介使用词短语
例1. The manager had many problems to solve. He looked worried.
With many problems to solve, the manager looked worried.
例2. When he arrived home , he found his house freshly painted.
On his arrival home , he found his house freshly painted.
三、过渡词的恰当使用
1.表示罗列增加
besides / what’s more/ in addition / furthermore/ moreover /especially/ In particular/as well as
2.表示解释说明
in addition, for example, for instance,in this case,in fact,actually
3.表示时间顺序
at present, recently, after a while, firstly, secondly, lastly, to begin with,all of a sudden,
from then on,at the same time, meanwhile
4表示转折关系
however, while, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, despite, in spite of, except ,(for), after all
5.表示条件关系
as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless
6.表示因果关系
now that, thanks to..., due to..., therefore, as a result (of)
7.表示让步关系
as, even if, even though, whether ...or...
8.表示强调
indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all,
9.表示概括归纳
in a word, in short, in brief, generally speaking, as far as I know, As we know, as has been stated,as I have shown, As far as I am concerned, in summary
高考书面表达评分标准第五档中有这样一段话:“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但是尽力使用较复杂结构或高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。”
这就是说仅运用基本的句型,很难体现出较强的语言运用能力,即使表达没有错误,也得不了高分;相反,有个别的错误,但目的在于有意识地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇,仍属于高档次。
由此可见要提高书面表达档次,不仅要写出用词准确/逻辑清晰、简洁明了、可读性强的好句子,还应当根据实际情况灵活运用各种句式。也就是说,要想写出一篇高档次的文章,还应做到:
A.学会运用非谓语动词使文章的句子变得更加简洁,以增加文采,丰富语句的表现力,
例1 因为苏珊生病了,所以她不能去上学。
(1)Susan was ill in hospital.She couldn’t go to the concert. (现在分词)
(2)Being ill in hospital, Susan couldn’t go to the concert.
B.灵活变换句式,充分运用各种不同的表达方式来丰富文章的句式,使行文表达更加流畅有力。
下面就结合具体的例子介绍一下如何灵活变化句式。
1.简单句→并列句→复合句
例1 我母亲喜爱音乐,我父亲也是。
(1)Both my mother and my father are fond of music
(2)My mother likes music and my father likes music ,too/as well.
(3)My mother likes music ,so does my father。
没有公共汽车,我们只好步行回家。
例2 There being no bus ,we had to walk home ./Because of no bus ,we had to walk home .
(1)There was no bus ,and we had to walk home.
(2)As /Because there was no bus ,we had to walk home.
2主动语态→被动语态
例1 所有的老师都对他的脚法做出了高度评价。
(1)All of the teachers speak highly of his teaching methods.
(2)His teaching methods are highly thought of by all the teachers .
(河南省平顶山市四十一中)