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1. Department of Nature Sciences, Faculty of Environment, University of J. E. Purkyne, Usti nad Labem City 40096, Czech Republic 2. Department of Industrial Ecology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Industrial Ecology, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian
Received: October 12, 2011 / Accepted: November 28, 2011 / Published: March 20, 2012.
Abstract: Rivers always were a very important element of site’s landscape and ecosystem. They served as sources of drinking water and food products and even as a natural protection from enemies. River management conception of 19th and most of 20th century almost eliminated a lot of rivers from city landscape. In this review, the best examples of rivers revitalization such as revitalization of Panke River in Berlin, revitalization of Cerny Potok stream in Czech Republic and others are studied.
Key words: Rivers revitalization, banks strengthening, meander, habitats improvement, community involvement.
Throughout many centuries people founded cities along riverbanks. Almost every city in Europe has its own river net. Rivers in cities served as a source of drinking water, fish source, helped to establish trade ways through navigation and served even as a natural protection from possible enemy assaults.
River management conception of 19th and most of 20th century, that assumed channelization and covering of river due to increase flood protection, almost eliminated a lot of rivers (especially small ones) from cities landscape and greatly affected river conditions which led to significant changes in ecological systems of the city.
At the end of 20th century people finally realized that city rivers are not only the possible source of flood threat but also can serve as a recreational areas, improve the aesthetic picture of the city and become a natural island in urban territory. Several river revitalization projects began to implement all over the Europe such as the River Restoration Center in Great Britain and Reuris project in Central Europe. These projects also involved some rivers outside cities, which were affected by agricultural and milling uses. The main goal of these projects is to restore natural conditions of riverbed and riverbanks along with establishing possible benefits for local community, which is often involved in revitalization projects.
During the project implementation riverbed was meandered where it was possible, new channel was created and the old one was filled. River banks were reprofiled to reach more natural conditions. Flood plain land was lowered to store water in times of high flows. Sewer system and outfall system was improved and shallow wetland on lowered floodplain were created. New habitats were created, along with several new paths along the river banks, new bridges and areas of public access to the river (Fig. 8). The site of river’s flow was vegetated with the help of local community [7].
2.7 Revitalization of Hermitage Stream in Havant
Hermitage Stream flows in housing estate called“Leigh Park” in the small park of small town called Havant that is situated near city of Portsmuth in Hampshire County. In 1970s stream was locked in concrete channel to improve flood protection. The implementation of the revitalization project was carried out in the part of stream of 1.5 km long from 1995(beginning of preparation stage) to 1999 (beginning and ending of construction works in the stream). Local community was actively involved in the project partly
problem for Seoul. Due to improve flood protection river was regularly dredged.
From the beginning of 20th century riverbank population significantly increased, with the river acting as a sewer and there were serious problems with floods. The Japanese colonial government drew up plans to cover the river and works were carried out from 1937 to 1961. In 1971 a construction of an expressway over the river was finished and the river was essentially forgotten.
In the late 1990s it was decided to remove the expressway and concrete covering and establish the Cheonggyecheon as a riverside recreation area. This was part of overall Seoul urban revitalization project.
The implementation of the revitalization project was carried out in 2005. The main goal of the project was not to restore the original image of the river but to create an open area in a landscape dominated by skyscrapers and to create a wildlife corridor along with park and exhibition areas. In addition to removing the expressway and concrete cover, the design incorporated new roads, a sewerage and storm water pipe network and had to allow for flooding. The water for the river is pumped from nearby Ham River via a water treatment plant. This supplies enough water to maintain an average stream depth of 40 cm. The riverbed contains many artificial weirs and fountains, ensuring the water oxygen content stay high. In the further downstream, there is good enough water quality
for invertebrates and fish to establish permanent populations. A survey on the ecology of the stream conducted in 2007 found 30 species of birds and 13 species of fish inhabiting the stream environment. In addition to aesthetic benefit the removal of the expressway has led to a decrease in air pollution. River became a popular place for walks and recreation; you can see a lot of sculptures along the bank and in the evening riverbed are lighted by multi-colored neon lights (Fig. 10).
Total costs of the project amounted 360 millions of dollars, also a lot of money is spent every year for maintaining the site. This project is a very good example of transition from modernist vision(channelized and covered river) to a post-modern concept where the aesthetic function as a civic park is as important as the biophysical function of the river itself [9].
The other important thing is getting money for project implementation. Panke River revitalization project is financed by the city of Berlin and German state. Financing of “Isar Plan” is devided by the city of Munich (45%) and Free State of Bavaria (55%) [3]. Revitalization projects in Czech Republic are (and were) financed by European Union Operational Program “Envorinment”, Reuris Project is financed by cities’ investors [4, 5]. Revitalization of River Skerne and Hermitage Stream was financed by River Restoration Center that in turn gets money from UK government [7, 8]. Cheonggyecheon River revitalization project was part of overall Seoul urban revitalization project and was financed by authorities of Seoul [9]. Another possibility for financing of river restoration’s project is Lottery fund, as Connswater in Belfast City in Northern Ireland. So the main money sources are federal and local budgets, but private investors can also participate in such projects.
Received: October 12, 2011 / Accepted: November 28, 2011 / Published: March 20, 2012.
Abstract: Rivers always were a very important element of site’s landscape and ecosystem. They served as sources of drinking water and food products and even as a natural protection from enemies. River management conception of 19th and most of 20th century almost eliminated a lot of rivers from city landscape. In this review, the best examples of rivers revitalization such as revitalization of Panke River in Berlin, revitalization of Cerny Potok stream in Czech Republic and others are studied.
Key words: Rivers revitalization, banks strengthening, meander, habitats improvement, community involvement.
Throughout many centuries people founded cities along riverbanks. Almost every city in Europe has its own river net. Rivers in cities served as a source of drinking water, fish source, helped to establish trade ways through navigation and served even as a natural protection from possible enemy assaults.
River management conception of 19th and most of 20th century, that assumed channelization and covering of river due to increase flood protection, almost eliminated a lot of rivers (especially small ones) from cities landscape and greatly affected river conditions which led to significant changes in ecological systems of the city.
At the end of 20th century people finally realized that city rivers are not only the possible source of flood threat but also can serve as a recreational areas, improve the aesthetic picture of the city and become a natural island in urban territory. Several river revitalization projects began to implement all over the Europe such as the River Restoration Center in Great Britain and Reuris project in Central Europe. These projects also involved some rivers outside cities, which were affected by agricultural and milling uses. The main goal of these projects is to restore natural conditions of riverbed and riverbanks along with establishing possible benefits for local community, which is often involved in revitalization projects.
During the project implementation riverbed was meandered where it was possible, new channel was created and the old one was filled. River banks were reprofiled to reach more natural conditions. Flood plain land was lowered to store water in times of high flows. Sewer system and outfall system was improved and shallow wetland on lowered floodplain were created. New habitats were created, along with several new paths along the river banks, new bridges and areas of public access to the river (Fig. 8). The site of river’s flow was vegetated with the help of local community [7].
2.7 Revitalization of Hermitage Stream in Havant
Hermitage Stream flows in housing estate called“Leigh Park” in the small park of small town called Havant that is situated near city of Portsmuth in Hampshire County. In 1970s stream was locked in concrete channel to improve flood protection. The implementation of the revitalization project was carried out in the part of stream of 1.5 km long from 1995(beginning of preparation stage) to 1999 (beginning and ending of construction works in the stream). Local community was actively involved in the project partly
problem for Seoul. Due to improve flood protection river was regularly dredged.
From the beginning of 20th century riverbank population significantly increased, with the river acting as a sewer and there were serious problems with floods. The Japanese colonial government drew up plans to cover the river and works were carried out from 1937 to 1961. In 1971 a construction of an expressway over the river was finished and the river was essentially forgotten.
In the late 1990s it was decided to remove the expressway and concrete covering and establish the Cheonggyecheon as a riverside recreation area. This was part of overall Seoul urban revitalization project.
The implementation of the revitalization project was carried out in 2005. The main goal of the project was not to restore the original image of the river but to create an open area in a landscape dominated by skyscrapers and to create a wildlife corridor along with park and exhibition areas. In addition to removing the expressway and concrete cover, the design incorporated new roads, a sewerage and storm water pipe network and had to allow for flooding. The water for the river is pumped from nearby Ham River via a water treatment plant. This supplies enough water to maintain an average stream depth of 40 cm. The riverbed contains many artificial weirs and fountains, ensuring the water oxygen content stay high. In the further downstream, there is good enough water quality
for invertebrates and fish to establish permanent populations. A survey on the ecology of the stream conducted in 2007 found 30 species of birds and 13 species of fish inhabiting the stream environment. In addition to aesthetic benefit the removal of the expressway has led to a decrease in air pollution. River became a popular place for walks and recreation; you can see a lot of sculptures along the bank and in the evening riverbed are lighted by multi-colored neon lights (Fig. 10).
Total costs of the project amounted 360 millions of dollars, also a lot of money is spent every year for maintaining the site. This project is a very good example of transition from modernist vision(channelized and covered river) to a post-modern concept where the aesthetic function as a civic park is as important as the biophysical function of the river itself [9].
The other important thing is getting money for project implementation. Panke River revitalization project is financed by the city of Berlin and German state. Financing of “Isar Plan” is devided by the city of Munich (45%) and Free State of Bavaria (55%) [3]. Revitalization projects in Czech Republic are (and were) financed by European Union Operational Program “Envorinment”, Reuris Project is financed by cities’ investors [4, 5]. Revitalization of River Skerne and Hermitage Stream was financed by River Restoration Center that in turn gets money from UK government [7, 8]. Cheonggyecheon River revitalization project was part of overall Seoul urban revitalization project and was financed by authorities of Seoul [9]. Another possibility for financing of river restoration’s project is Lottery fund, as Connswater in Belfast City in Northern Ireland. So the main money sources are federal and local budgets, but private investors can also participate in such projects.