慈禧太后认识到西方国家的物质水平要远远先进于中国,同时,在她的臣民中,教育以及日益先进的交通对他们产生了强大的思想和政治力量。在她看来,这些力量迟早要被那些顽固的满族人所重视,因而这些威胁着满洲统治的危险逐渐引起太后的重视。有关这些问题我们都能从懿旨上清楚地看出来。虽然开国先 The Empress Dowager Cixi recognized that the material standards of Western countries are far more advanced in China. Meanwhile, among her subjects, education and increasingly advanced transportation have given them powerful ideological and political power. In her view, sooner or later, these forces are to be valued by those stubborn Manchu people, and these threats to the danger of Manchuria domination gradually draw Empress Dowager’s attention. All of these issues can be clearly seen from Yi Yi’s point of view. Although the first country