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尽管国际社会尚未形成统一的“领事保护”概念,但各国驻外使领馆执行领事保护职务已形成国际惯例。中国海外撤离行动,作为“领事保护”或“护侨”的一种方式和途径,有时被称作“撤侨”。近年来,骚乱、战乱或自然灾害等突发事件频繁发生,为保护中国公民的生命财产安全,中国驻外使领馆依照国际公约、双边条约和国内法规多次成功地实施了海外撤离行动。鉴于国际法的渊源包括惯例和条约,为推进法治中国和国际法治的进程,文章以领事保护的基本含义为起点,以领事保护的国籍原则、当事人自愿原则和用尽当地救济原则为切入点,以宏观国际法学为视角,就中国海外撤离行动的“领事保护”属性进行分析与探讨,希望为中国领事保护立法研究乃至完善国际领事保护法律制度提供有益参考。
Although the concept of “consular protection” has not yet been formed universally in the international community, the embassies and consulates stationed abroad in other countries have become customary international consorts. China’s overseas evacuation operation is sometimes referred to as “evacuation” as a way and means of “consular protection” or “protection of overseas Chinese.” In recent years, unexpected incidents such as riots, war or natural disasters have taken place frequently. To protect the lives and property of Chinese citizens, the Chinese embassies and consulates abroad have conducted many successful overseas evacuations in accordance with international conventions, bilateral treaties and domestic laws and regulations. In view of the origin of international law including conventions and treaties, in order to promote the rule of law in China and the international rule of law process, the article starts with the basic meaning of consular protection and takes the nationality principle of consular protection, the voluntary principle of parties and the principle of running out of local remedies as starting points. Macroscopic international jurisprudence, this article analyzes and discusses the “consular protection ” attribute of China’s overseas evacuation operation, and hopes to provide useful reference for Chinese consular protection legislation research and even improve the legal system of international consular protection.