钱穆曾对晚明士人的学术作过如下评述:“任何一时代的学术,大体都赖外力扶护而在良好环境下产生,独晚明诸老所处时代特为不同。他们的学术,乃在外力极端摧残压迫下成长。他们的精神,纯为一种对时代反抗、对环境奋斗的精神,可说是一种最艰苦最强毅的革命精神。”(1)不仅是学术,艺术亦如此。晚明清初的艺术创作,也时时流露出时代给予的外力影响,汉族知识分子在面对国变时的态度与情感无不 Qian Mu made the following comments on the scholarship of the late Ming scholars: “The academic of any era generally relies on external support and emerges under good circumstances, and the age of the late Ming dynasty is particularly different. Is growing under the pressure of extreme external destruction and their spirit is purely a spirit of resistance against the times and the struggle for the environment and can be said to be the most arduous and strongest revolutionary spirit. ”(1) It is not only academic Art is also true. The late Ming and early Qing dynasties ’artistic creations also revealed the external forces exerted by the times. The Han Chinese intellectuals’ attitudes and emotions in the face of the regime change