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Filer(2000:2)认为测试领域历来有两种声音:技术声音(technical discourse)和社会声音(sociological dis- course)。前者关注测试本身的质量,如信度、效度、标准等技术指标;后者关注测试在社会中的使用及产生的影响。Schwandt & Jang(2004)也讨论了语言测试领域的这两种声音,并指出社会声音在近年越来越大。这声音来自语言测试领域对许多非技术性问题的探讨。这些问题包括责任问题(Hamp-Lyons 2000)、道德规范(Da- vies 1997)、公平问题(Kunnan 2000,2003)、测试的反拨
Filer (2000: 2) argues that there have always been two voices in the testing world: technical discourse and sociological dis- course. The former focuses on the quality of the test itself, such as reliability, validity, standards and other technical indicators; the latter concerned about the use of the test in society and the impact. Schwandt & Jang (2004) also discussed these two voices in the area of language testing and pointed out that social voices have grown in recent years. This voice comes from the field of language testing on many non-technical issues. These issues include the issue of responsibility (Hamp-Lyons 2000), ethics (1997), fairness (Kunnan 2000, 2003), test backwash