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儿童神经认知发育障碍主要包括发展性阅读障碍、发展性计算障碍、注意缺陷多动障碍和孤独症谱系障碍,是儿童神经系统疾病的高发共患病。神经认知发育障碍严重影响患儿的学业表现和社交能力,对长期的社会预后提出巨大挑战。目前,对于儿童神经认知发育的诊疗,临床尚缺乏客观有效的工具。近些年,脑科学技术的发展为儿童神经认知发育障碍的机制及其干预提供了新的途径。文章从认知行为、脑神经机制和干预的角度,阐述儿童神经认知发育障碍脑科学研究成果。这些证据表明,儿童神经认知发育障碍存在特定的核心认知障碍和脑区的结构或功能异常,其干预以认知行为训练为主,脑刺激的效果有待进一步确认。
Neurodevelopmental disorders in children mainly include developmental dyslexia, developmental dyskinesia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorders, which are common in children with neurological diseases. Neurocognitive dyskinesia seriously affects children’s academic performance and social skills, posing a great challenge to long-term social prognosis. At present, there is no objective and effective tool for diagnosis and treatment of children’s neurocognitive development. In recent years, the development of brain science and technology has provided a new way for the mechanism of children’s neurocognitive developmental disorders and their intervention. From the perspectives of cognitive behavior, cranial nerve mechanism and intervention, this article elaborates the results of brain science research on children’s neurocognitive developmental disorders. These evidences indicate that there are specific core cognitive impairment and structural or functional abnormalities in children’s neurocognitive developmental disorders. The intervention is mainly cognitive and behavioral training, and the effect of brain stimulation needs to be further confirmed.