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自1978年开始改革以来,中国经济逐渐出现了这样一种体制特征,即一方面是体制一直未理顺、缺乏活力的国有部门,另一方面是体制相对正常、充满生机活力的非国有部门。国有部门在工业产出中的份额已从1978年的77.6％下降到1994年的34.1％,平均每年下降2—3个百分点;非国有部门所占份额则从1978年的22.4％上升到1994年的65.9％。这样,中国经济就出现了两大板块,非国有部门成为中国国民经济的一个重要组成部分。对于这样一种制度特征,中外不少经济学家已作了大量分析(如吴敬琏,1992;Norton,1995)。本文的目的不是分析这两部门制度特征本身,而是以此为起点,分析两部门的改革与发展政策。本文认为,无论是经济改革政策,还是经济社会发展政策,都要把非国有部门纳入考虑范围。重要的是,从国民经济改革与发展的全局和动态演进出发,重新审视现有的部门政策,设计一些针对两部门特点的经济政策措施。
Since the reform started in 1978, the Chinese economy has gradually emerged with such an institutional feature that on the one hand, the state-owned sector has not been rationalized and lacks vitality; on the other hand, it has a relatively normal and dynamic non-state sector. The share of state-owned sector in industrial output dropped from 77.6% in 1978 to 34.1% in 1994, an average of 2-3 percentage points per year; the share of non-state sector rose from 22.4% in 1978 to 1994 Of 65.9%. In this way, there have been two major economic sectors in China, and the non-state sector has become an important part of China’s national economy. For such a system of characteristics, many economists at home and abroad have made a lot of analysis (such as Wu Jingtao, 1992; Norton, 1995). The purpose of this article is not to analyze the characteristics of the two sectors themselves, but to use this as a starting point to analyze the two departments’ reform and development policies. This article argues that both the economic reform policy and the economic and social development policy should take the non-state-owned sector into consideration. What is important is that starting from the overall and dynamic evolution of the national economy reform and development, we should reexamine the existing sectoral policies and design some economic policies and measures aimed at the two sectors.