ulus/uluf一词,在明永乐五年(1407年)编纂的汉文-回鹘文对照的分类词汇集——《高昌馆杂字》中,被转写为ulus,释为“国”,①现学术界通常亦翻译为“国”。其实,ulus/uluf所指称的“国”,仅相当于史籍中的“城郭之国”,与现代意义的“国”、“国家”是有着严格的区别的。该词在11世纪著名的突厥语文学家麻赫穆德·喀什噶尔的《突厥语大词典》中写作uluf,称 The word ulus / uluf, which was translated as ulus in the “Gaochangguan miscellaneous character” in the Chinese-ichinese collation of the vocabulary compiled in the fifth year of Ming Yongle (1407) Academics are often translated as “nations.” In fact, the “state” alleged by ulus / uluf is only equivalent to the “state of Gucheng” in historical records and is strictly different from the “state” and “state” in the modern sense. The word uluf is written in the Turkic Dictionary of Great Memory by Mahud Kashgar, a prominent Turkic language writer of the 11th century,