论文部分内容阅读
【摘要】 异位妊娠发病率呈上升趋势,作为保守治疗的常用药物,甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)在临床广泛应用。本文针对MTX的作用机理、临床常用量、疗效指标、再次妊娠时间及患者再孕情况进行综述。
【关键词】 异位妊娠; 甲氨蝶呤; 再孕; 综述
异位妊娠(ectopic pregnancy,EP)发病率约1%~2%[1],甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)是EP的首选治疗药物。MTX治疗用量、再次妊娠前盆腔情况评估、再孕时间及对胎儿的影响目前尚有争议。本文对近年MTX在EP应用和对患者的再孕影响情况做一综述。
1 MTX临床用量
MTX是对滋养层细胞高度敏感的抗肿瘤药物,可破坏绒毛膜,导致胚胎组织死亡、脱落和吸收[2]。单次肌内注射MTX 50 mg/m2是目前临床常用治疗EP剂量[3],Dhar等[4]报道治愈率为65%,能降低孕妇死亡率和病重率,无需甲酰四氢叶酸解救。Gungorduk等[5]以两倍量与单量方案做对比,单量组46例患者单次肌注MTX 50 mg/m2,41例双量组患者第1和4天分别肌注MTX 50 mg/m2,治疗前两组β-hCG水平、血清孕酮、附件包块直径、子宫内膜厚度均具有可比性,结果单量组重复用药率高于双量组(17.3%和7.3%;OR 0.3,95% CI 0.09~1.52;P=0.20),但差异无统计学意义,副反应发生率(45.7%和58.7%;OR 1.6,95% CI 0.71~3.93;P=0.28)两组比较差异无统计学意义。另有以MTX 1 mg/kg为治疗剂量的临床报道,成功率64%[6]。Di Luigi等[7]对卵巢妊娠合并IUD患者的治疗亦显示,血清β-hCG下降迅速,4周后卵巢形态恢复正常,包块完全吸收。
2 疗效指标
血清β-hCG是公认的EP疗效判断指标,研究发现MTX治疗后血清β-hCG升降程度可用以预测治疗结局,用药3~5 d后β-HCG水平下降15%~20%者可继续保守治疗,否则需再次用药或手术[8-9]。Skubisz等[10]认为MTX治疗第4天,血清β-hCG对治疗结局预测价值较高,第4天血β-hCG下降的33位EP患者,治疗成功率为88%,而上升的12位患者成功率仅为42%,Lipscomb[11]认为有必要在用药第4天和第7天检测血清β-hCG水平。Menon等[12]研究β-hCG初始水平对EP结局的影响,发现治疗成功率与β-hCG初始水平有关。β-hCG在5000~9999 mIU/ml的患者,失败率明显大于2000~4999 mIU/mL患者。Cho等[13]治疗126例EP患者,治疗前β-hCG<6000 IU/L者,治愈率为96%,而≥6000 IU/L时,治愈率58%。
磷酸肌酸激酶(creatine phosphokinase,CPK)是肌肉细胞内酶,肌细胞坏死溶解可致CPK水平升高,文献报道亦有以血清CPK升高作为EP的疗效指标。Gnisci等[14]在研究中以MTX 1 mg/kg治疗57名EP患者,单次给药治愈34例,重复给药治愈8例,剩余患者转为手术治疗。认为治疗第1天血清CPK水平对治疗结局预测价值较好,临界值为109 IU/L,敏感度为35.3%,特异度为100%,但尚未发现CPK与血清β-hCG具有关联性。
3 再次妊娠情况
3.1 再孕时间 出于对MTX及其代谢产物在体内器官残留引发胎儿畸形的担忧,MTX治疗后患者的再孕时间存在争议。虽然MTX的半衰期为8~15 h,但其在肝脏内可持续存留116 d,因此3个月内应避孕,Hackmon等[15]对有生育要求的患者建议以6个月后再次妊娠为佳。Svirsky等[16]随访经MTX治疗的EP患者的再孕时间,314例患者中再次妊娠125例,其中45例在治疗后(3.6±1.7)个月妊娠,80例在(23.6±14.0)个月再孕,两组患者再次妊娠胎儿畸形率与流产率相似(OR 1.003,95% CI 0.98~1.02),经logistic回归分析认为6个月内再孕未增加不良妊娠风险。
3.2 再孕前准备 重复异位妊娠(recurrent ectopic pregnancy,REP)是EP后再孕结局之一,报道风险率可达55%(95% CI 0.52~0.58)[17],研究尚无确切数据,与患者年龄、首次异位妊娠后的治疗是否积极彻底及有否避孕等因素有关。较多学者主张再孕前评估输卵管通畅度是规避REP风险的有效途径,子宫输卵管造影(hysterosalpingography,HSG)因其简便、安全、快捷,目前是临床评价输卵管通畅性的一线筛查手段。Garcia等[18]研究144例经MTX治疗的EP患者,3个月后行HSG,72.2%输卵管通畅,18.8%单侧输卵管堵塞,6.3%通而不畅,2.8%双侧堵塞,认为HSG不是EP后的必须检查,但可为患者行体外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)提供依据。Korell等[19]研究证实,当对侧输卵管正常时,EP治疗后的再孕率与MTX给药方式无明显关系,再次妊娠大多通过对侧输卵管完成。亦有研究应用经阴道超声引导选择性输卵管造影术(TVSSG)评估EP患者的输卵管情况[20],发现同侧输卵管堵塞的风险随治疗前β-hCG值的上升而增加,经回归分析β-hCG值>5000 mUI/ml与输卵管阻塞直接关联(OR 11.7,95% CI 2.27~61.32)。Elito等[21]也支持此观点,并认为输卵管堵塞风险与EP包块大小、超声图像等参数无直接联系。
3.3 对卵母细胞的影响 借助辅助生殖技术,MTX对卵母细胞的影响受到关注。Kruchkovich等[22]研究14例IVF助孕后EP患者,平均(34±5.2)岁,予MTX治疗后,(5.7±2.3)个月(3.5~12月)行第二周期IVF,结果显示MTX对IVF第二周期没有影响。Oriol等[23]对25例IVF助孕后EP患者,给予MTX 1 mg/kg治疗,IVF第二周期[间隔时间(226.4±23.8)d]患者的抗苗勒氏管激素(anti-miillerian hormone,AMH)水平与第一周期相似,且促性腺激素用量、HCG日血清E2水平、获卵数及胚胎数无明显差异,认为MTX不会降低卵巢储备及生育能力。有研究对上述结果持不同观点,48例EP患者经MTX治疗后进入IVF周期,治疗后180 d以内患者获卵数明显减少,且子宫内膜较薄,而大于180 d的患者卵母细胞数及子宫内膜厚度未见明显变化,提示MTX对卵母细胞的影响有时间限制并且可逆[24]。 4 小结
MTX是广泛应用的EP治疗药物,目前报道大多集中于临床治疗,对治疗后有生育要求患者的再孕情况,文献仅为初步涉及,临床困惑较多,如对患者REP风险的有效评估路径、再次妊娠助孕方案的选择依据、再孕的底线时间及再孕卵母细胞、胚胎的安全性等,均有待于循证医学的进一步研究。
参考文献
[1] Shaw J L,Diamandis E P,Horne A W,et al.Ectopic pregnancy[J].Clin Chem,2012,58(9):1278-1285.
[2] French A E,Koren G.Effect of methotrexate on male fertility[J].Can Fam Physician,2003,49(5):577-578.
[3] Rojas M E,Hernandez V L E,Sanches C J,et al.Medical treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy[J].Ginecol Obstet Mex,2004,1(72):135-141.
[4] Dhar H,Hamdi I,Rathi B.Methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy:experience at Nizwa Hospital with literature review[J].Oman Med J,2011,26(2):94-98.
[5] Gungorduk K,Asicioglu O,Yildirim G,et al.Comparison of single-dose and two-dose methotrexate protocols for the treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,2011,31(4):330-334.
[6] Nankali A,keshavarzi F,Fakheri T,et al.Study of single dose methotrexate for treatment of tubal pregnancy[J].International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health,2012,4(5):442-449.
[7] Di Luigi G,Patacchiola F,La Posta V,et al.Early ovarian pregnancy diagnosed by ultrasound and successfully treated with multidose methotrexate:A case report[J].Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol,2012,39(3):390-393.
[8] Nazac A,Gervaise A,Bouyer J,et al.Predictors of success in methotrexate treatment of women with unruptured tubal pregnancies[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2003,21(2):181-185.
[9] Dudley P S,Heard M J,Sangi-Haghpeykar H,et al.Characterizing ectopic pregnancies that rupture despite treatment with methotrexate[J].Fertil Steril,2004,82(5):1374-1378.
[10] Skubisz M M,Li J,Wallace E M,et al.Decline in β-HCG levels between days 0 and 4 after a single dose of methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy predicts treatment success:a retrospective cohort study[J].BJOG,2011,118(13):1665-1668.
[11] Lipscomb G H.Medical management of ectopic pregnancy[J].Clin Obstet Gynecol,2012,55(2):424-432.
[12] Menon S,Colins J,Barnhart K T.Establishing a human chorionic gonadotropin cutoff to guide methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy:a systematic review[J].Fertil Steril,2007,87(3):481-484.
[13] Cho G J,Lee S H,Shin J W,et al.Predictors of success of repeated injections of single-dose methotrexate regimen for tubal ectopic pregnancy[J].J Korean Med Sci,2006,21(1):86-89.
[14] Gnisci A,Rua S,Coubiere B,et al.Plasma creatine phosphokinase level may predict successful treatment after a single injection of methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy[J].Fertil Steril,2011,95(6):2131-2133. [15] Hackmon R,Sakaguchi S,Koren G.Effect of methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy on subsequent pregnancy[J].Can Fam Physician,2011,57(1):37-39.
[16] Svirsky R,Rozovski U,Vaknin Z,et al.The safety of conception occurring shortly after methotrexate treatment of an ectopic pregnancy[J].Reprod Toxicol,2009,27(1):85-87.
[17] Lund Krhus L,Egerup P,Skovlund C W,et al.Long-term reproductive outcomes in women whose first pregnancy is ectopic:a national controlled follow-up study[J].Hum Reprod,2013,28(1):241-246.
[18] Garcia Grau E,Checa Vizcaíno M ,Oliveira M,et al.The Value of Hysterosalpingography following Medical Treatment with Methotrexate for Ectopic Pregnancy[J].Obstet Gynecol Int,2011,1(2011):547946.
[19] Korell M,Albrich W,Hepp H.Fertility after organ-preserving suigery of ectopic pregnancy:results of a multicenter study[J].Fertil Steril,1997,68(2):220-223.
[20] Al Sayed I.Assessment of β-human chorionic gonadotropin level as a reliable predictor of tubal patency confirmed with transvaginal ultrasound-guided selective salpingography (TVSSG) following conservative treatment of tubal pregnancy[J].Arch Gynecol Obstet,2012,285(4):1043-1048.
[21] Elito J,Han K K,Camano L.Values of β-human chorionic gonadotropin as a risk factor for tubal obstruction after tubal pregnancy[J].Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand,2005,84(9):864-867.
[22] Orvieto R,Kruchkovich J,Zohav E,et al.Does methotrexate treatment for ectopic pregnancy influence the patient’s performance during a subsequent in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer cycle?[J].Fertil Steril,2007,88(6):1685-1686.
[23] Oriol B,Barrio A,Pacheco A,et al.Systemic methotrexate to treat ectopic pregnancy does not affect ovarian reserve[J].Fertil Steril,2008,90(5):1579-1582.
[24] McLaren J F,Burney R O,Milki A A,et al.Effect of methotrexate exposure on subsequent fertility in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation[J].Fertil Steril,2009,92(2):515-519.
(收稿日期:2013-03-25) (本文编辑:欧丽)
【关键词】 异位妊娠; 甲氨蝶呤; 再孕; 综述
异位妊娠(ectopic pregnancy,EP)发病率约1%~2%[1],甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)是EP的首选治疗药物。MTX治疗用量、再次妊娠前盆腔情况评估、再孕时间及对胎儿的影响目前尚有争议。本文对近年MTX在EP应用和对患者的再孕影响情况做一综述。
1 MTX临床用量
MTX是对滋养层细胞高度敏感的抗肿瘤药物,可破坏绒毛膜,导致胚胎组织死亡、脱落和吸收[2]。单次肌内注射MTX 50 mg/m2是目前临床常用治疗EP剂量[3],Dhar等[4]报道治愈率为65%,能降低孕妇死亡率和病重率,无需甲酰四氢叶酸解救。Gungorduk等[5]以两倍量与单量方案做对比,单量组46例患者单次肌注MTX 50 mg/m2,41例双量组患者第1和4天分别肌注MTX 50 mg/m2,治疗前两组β-hCG水平、血清孕酮、附件包块直径、子宫内膜厚度均具有可比性,结果单量组重复用药率高于双量组(17.3%和7.3%;OR 0.3,95% CI 0.09~1.52;P=0.20),但差异无统计学意义,副反应发生率(45.7%和58.7%;OR 1.6,95% CI 0.71~3.93;P=0.28)两组比较差异无统计学意义。另有以MTX 1 mg/kg为治疗剂量的临床报道,成功率64%[6]。Di Luigi等[7]对卵巢妊娠合并IUD患者的治疗亦显示,血清β-hCG下降迅速,4周后卵巢形态恢复正常,包块完全吸收。
2 疗效指标
血清β-hCG是公认的EP疗效判断指标,研究发现MTX治疗后血清β-hCG升降程度可用以预测治疗结局,用药3~5 d后β-HCG水平下降15%~20%者可继续保守治疗,否则需再次用药或手术[8-9]。Skubisz等[10]认为MTX治疗第4天,血清β-hCG对治疗结局预测价值较高,第4天血β-hCG下降的33位EP患者,治疗成功率为88%,而上升的12位患者成功率仅为42%,Lipscomb[11]认为有必要在用药第4天和第7天检测血清β-hCG水平。Menon等[12]研究β-hCG初始水平对EP结局的影响,发现治疗成功率与β-hCG初始水平有关。β-hCG在5000~9999 mIU/ml的患者,失败率明显大于2000~4999 mIU/mL患者。Cho等[13]治疗126例EP患者,治疗前β-hCG<6000 IU/L者,治愈率为96%,而≥6000 IU/L时,治愈率58%。
磷酸肌酸激酶(creatine phosphokinase,CPK)是肌肉细胞内酶,肌细胞坏死溶解可致CPK水平升高,文献报道亦有以血清CPK升高作为EP的疗效指标。Gnisci等[14]在研究中以MTX 1 mg/kg治疗57名EP患者,单次给药治愈34例,重复给药治愈8例,剩余患者转为手术治疗。认为治疗第1天血清CPK水平对治疗结局预测价值较好,临界值为109 IU/L,敏感度为35.3%,特异度为100%,但尚未发现CPK与血清β-hCG具有关联性。
3 再次妊娠情况
3.1 再孕时间 出于对MTX及其代谢产物在体内器官残留引发胎儿畸形的担忧,MTX治疗后患者的再孕时间存在争议。虽然MTX的半衰期为8~15 h,但其在肝脏内可持续存留116 d,因此3个月内应避孕,Hackmon等[15]对有生育要求的患者建议以6个月后再次妊娠为佳。Svirsky等[16]随访经MTX治疗的EP患者的再孕时间,314例患者中再次妊娠125例,其中45例在治疗后(3.6±1.7)个月妊娠,80例在(23.6±14.0)个月再孕,两组患者再次妊娠胎儿畸形率与流产率相似(OR 1.003,95% CI 0.98~1.02),经logistic回归分析认为6个月内再孕未增加不良妊娠风险。
3.2 再孕前准备 重复异位妊娠(recurrent ectopic pregnancy,REP)是EP后再孕结局之一,报道风险率可达55%(95% CI 0.52~0.58)[17],研究尚无确切数据,与患者年龄、首次异位妊娠后的治疗是否积极彻底及有否避孕等因素有关。较多学者主张再孕前评估输卵管通畅度是规避REP风险的有效途径,子宫输卵管造影(hysterosalpingography,HSG)因其简便、安全、快捷,目前是临床评价输卵管通畅性的一线筛查手段。Garcia等[18]研究144例经MTX治疗的EP患者,3个月后行HSG,72.2%输卵管通畅,18.8%单侧输卵管堵塞,6.3%通而不畅,2.8%双侧堵塞,认为HSG不是EP后的必须检查,但可为患者行体外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)提供依据。Korell等[19]研究证实,当对侧输卵管正常时,EP治疗后的再孕率与MTX给药方式无明显关系,再次妊娠大多通过对侧输卵管完成。亦有研究应用经阴道超声引导选择性输卵管造影术(TVSSG)评估EP患者的输卵管情况[20],发现同侧输卵管堵塞的风险随治疗前β-hCG值的上升而增加,经回归分析β-hCG值>5000 mUI/ml与输卵管阻塞直接关联(OR 11.7,95% CI 2.27~61.32)。Elito等[21]也支持此观点,并认为输卵管堵塞风险与EP包块大小、超声图像等参数无直接联系。
3.3 对卵母细胞的影响 借助辅助生殖技术,MTX对卵母细胞的影响受到关注。Kruchkovich等[22]研究14例IVF助孕后EP患者,平均(34±5.2)岁,予MTX治疗后,(5.7±2.3)个月(3.5~12月)行第二周期IVF,结果显示MTX对IVF第二周期没有影响。Oriol等[23]对25例IVF助孕后EP患者,给予MTX 1 mg/kg治疗,IVF第二周期[间隔时间(226.4±23.8)d]患者的抗苗勒氏管激素(anti-miillerian hormone,AMH)水平与第一周期相似,且促性腺激素用量、HCG日血清E2水平、获卵数及胚胎数无明显差异,认为MTX不会降低卵巢储备及生育能力。有研究对上述结果持不同观点,48例EP患者经MTX治疗后进入IVF周期,治疗后180 d以内患者获卵数明显减少,且子宫内膜较薄,而大于180 d的患者卵母细胞数及子宫内膜厚度未见明显变化,提示MTX对卵母细胞的影响有时间限制并且可逆[24]。 4 小结
MTX是广泛应用的EP治疗药物,目前报道大多集中于临床治疗,对治疗后有生育要求患者的再孕情况,文献仅为初步涉及,临床困惑较多,如对患者REP风险的有效评估路径、再次妊娠助孕方案的选择依据、再孕的底线时间及再孕卵母细胞、胚胎的安全性等,均有待于循证医学的进一步研究。
参考文献
[1] Shaw J L,Diamandis E P,Horne A W,et al.Ectopic pregnancy[J].Clin Chem,2012,58(9):1278-1285.
[2] French A E,Koren G.Effect of methotrexate on male fertility[J].Can Fam Physician,2003,49(5):577-578.
[3] Rojas M E,Hernandez V L E,Sanches C J,et al.Medical treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy[J].Ginecol Obstet Mex,2004,1(72):135-141.
[4] Dhar H,Hamdi I,Rathi B.Methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy:experience at Nizwa Hospital with literature review[J].Oman Med J,2011,26(2):94-98.
[5] Gungorduk K,Asicioglu O,Yildirim G,et al.Comparison of single-dose and two-dose methotrexate protocols for the treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,2011,31(4):330-334.
[6] Nankali A,keshavarzi F,Fakheri T,et al.Study of single dose methotrexate for treatment of tubal pregnancy[J].International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health,2012,4(5):442-449.
[7] Di Luigi G,Patacchiola F,La Posta V,et al.Early ovarian pregnancy diagnosed by ultrasound and successfully treated with multidose methotrexate:A case report[J].Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol,2012,39(3):390-393.
[8] Nazac A,Gervaise A,Bouyer J,et al.Predictors of success in methotrexate treatment of women with unruptured tubal pregnancies[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2003,21(2):181-185.
[9] Dudley P S,Heard M J,Sangi-Haghpeykar H,et al.Characterizing ectopic pregnancies that rupture despite treatment with methotrexate[J].Fertil Steril,2004,82(5):1374-1378.
[10] Skubisz M M,Li J,Wallace E M,et al.Decline in β-HCG levels between days 0 and 4 after a single dose of methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy predicts treatment success:a retrospective cohort study[J].BJOG,2011,118(13):1665-1668.
[11] Lipscomb G H.Medical management of ectopic pregnancy[J].Clin Obstet Gynecol,2012,55(2):424-432.
[12] Menon S,Colins J,Barnhart K T.Establishing a human chorionic gonadotropin cutoff to guide methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy:a systematic review[J].Fertil Steril,2007,87(3):481-484.
[13] Cho G J,Lee S H,Shin J W,et al.Predictors of success of repeated injections of single-dose methotrexate regimen for tubal ectopic pregnancy[J].J Korean Med Sci,2006,21(1):86-89.
[14] Gnisci A,Rua S,Coubiere B,et al.Plasma creatine phosphokinase level may predict successful treatment after a single injection of methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy[J].Fertil Steril,2011,95(6):2131-2133. [15] Hackmon R,Sakaguchi S,Koren G.Effect of methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy on subsequent pregnancy[J].Can Fam Physician,2011,57(1):37-39.
[16] Svirsky R,Rozovski U,Vaknin Z,et al.The safety of conception occurring shortly after methotrexate treatment of an ectopic pregnancy[J].Reprod Toxicol,2009,27(1):85-87.
[17] Lund Krhus L,Egerup P,Skovlund C W,et al.Long-term reproductive outcomes in women whose first pregnancy is ectopic:a national controlled follow-up study[J].Hum Reprod,2013,28(1):241-246.
[18] Garcia Grau E,Checa Vizcaíno M ,Oliveira M,et al.The Value of Hysterosalpingography following Medical Treatment with Methotrexate for Ectopic Pregnancy[J].Obstet Gynecol Int,2011,1(2011):547946.
[19] Korell M,Albrich W,Hepp H.Fertility after organ-preserving suigery of ectopic pregnancy:results of a multicenter study[J].Fertil Steril,1997,68(2):220-223.
[20] Al Sayed I.Assessment of β-human chorionic gonadotropin level as a reliable predictor of tubal patency confirmed with transvaginal ultrasound-guided selective salpingography (TVSSG) following conservative treatment of tubal pregnancy[J].Arch Gynecol Obstet,2012,285(4):1043-1048.
[21] Elito J,Han K K,Camano L.Values of β-human chorionic gonadotropin as a risk factor for tubal obstruction after tubal pregnancy[J].Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand,2005,84(9):864-867.
[22] Orvieto R,Kruchkovich J,Zohav E,et al.Does methotrexate treatment for ectopic pregnancy influence the patient’s performance during a subsequent in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer cycle?[J].Fertil Steril,2007,88(6):1685-1686.
[23] Oriol B,Barrio A,Pacheco A,et al.Systemic methotrexate to treat ectopic pregnancy does not affect ovarian reserve[J].Fertil Steril,2008,90(5):1579-1582.
[24] McLaren J F,Burney R O,Milki A A,et al.Effect of methotrexate exposure on subsequent fertility in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation[J].Fertil Steril,2009,92(2):515-519.
(收稿日期:2013-03-25) (本文编辑:欧丽)