有两个问题曾困扰过几乎所有启蒙运动时期的哲学家。这两个问题是:“我们认识世界的基础是什么?”“那是关于什么的知识?”关于这两个问题的争论甚至至今仍在继续。但以后科学的发展已对哲学产生了巨大影响。在19世纪末以前,科学的成就似乎已证明,作为科学基础的经验主义认识论,和被用来整理科学研究与科学理论的逻辑演绎方法,乃是行之有效的。很多人看来,科学成就已解决了认识论问题,即找到了通向客观认识的途径,并由此回 Two problems have plagued almost all philosophers during the Enlightenment. These two questions are: “What is the basis for our understanding of the world?” “What is that knowledge about?” The debate on these two issues is even continuing today. However, the development of science in the future has had a huge impact on philosophy. Until the late 19th century, scientific achievement seemed to prove that empiricist epistemology, as the basis of science, and the logical deduction used to organize scientific research and scientific theory worked well. It seems to many that scientific achievement has solved the epistemological issue by finding a way to objective knowledge