在对道德的传统描述中,尤其是在基督教时代,对他人的爱竟被强调到如此地步,以至于道德竟与利他主义等同了起来。这种等同意识到了社会因素对道德的重要性,人们不一定要认可这种观点。道德本质上是社会存在的一种特征。甚至在康德的认为义务是理性个体的一种不受约束的动机因素,即义务本质上并非是对他人的义务的道 In the traditional description of morality, especially in the Christian era, love for others was so emphasized that morality was synonymous with altruism. This equivalence recognizes the moral importance of social factors and one does not necessarily recognize this view. Morality is essentially a feature of social existence. Even in Kant’s view that obligation is an unconstrained motivator of a rational individual, that obligation is not in itself a duty to others