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“贱民”(P9bel)作为一个“渐旧”的概念,似乎通常只是“游走”于当今政治哲学话语的边缘地带。但实质上,它不仅是理解黑格尔政治思想的关键,而且还充当着联结黑格尔和马克思的重要理论桥梁。黑格尔正是通过“贱民”概念揭示出此类个人的处境:在现代社会中,不考虑财产因素的自由只不过是空洞的抽象,被“绝对地”排除在财产之外也就意味着失去了自由的根基;而这种处境正是后来马克思着力阐明的“无产阶级”的社会境况。由此作为切入点,马克思和黑格尔的对话才真正具有了内在的有效性:这种对话不再是抽象的形而上学颠倒或方法论的批判吸收,而是反映了处于现代社会政治与经济深刻勾连的共同背景下,马克思和黑格尔对于社会平等与自由状况的不同诊断。在这一解释视角下,也就能够辨识出在当今已然改变的社会历史条件下,社会批判理论对经过马克思中介了的“贱民”问题的种种回应和反思。
As an “old-fashioned” concept, “P9bel” seems to usually be just “wandering” at the edge of today’s political philosophical discourse. But in essence, it is not only the key to understanding Hegel’s political thought, but also serves as an important theoretical bridge linking Hegel with Marx. It is through the concept of “untouchability ” that Hegel reveals the situation of such individuals: in modern society, the freedom not to consider the property factor is nothing but a hollow abstraction, which is excluded by “absolute” property It means losing the foundation of freedom; and this situation is precisely the social situation that Marx later clarified “proletariat”. Therefore, as a starting point, the dialogue between Marx and Hegel really has an inherent validity: this dialogue is no longer an abstract metaphysical inversion or a methodological criticism but a reflection of the deep linkages between politics and economy in modern society Under the common background, Marx and Hegel’s different diagnosis of the status of social equality and freedom. From this perspective of interpretation, we can also identify the various responses and reflections of social critical theory on the “untargeted” issues mediated by Marx under the social and historical conditions that have changed so far.