150年前，共产主义还象一个幽灵在欧洲上空徘徊。一个半世纪以来，社会主义、共产主义运动经历了多少非凡的年代和事件，既有过凯歌行进的高潮，又曾陷入灰暗深沉的低谷，它在动荡曲折中前进，经受着种种磨难和痛苦的考验。虽然社会主义运动在本世纪90年代初遭受了苏东剧变这一 150 years ago, communism also wandered over Europe like a ghost. Since the last century and a half years ago, how many extraordinary times and events the socialist and communist movements have experienced have both climaxed the triumph of triumph and plunged into gloomy darkness. They have progressed through turmoil and twists and turns and have suffered all kinds of suffering and suffering test. Although the socialist movement suffered the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and East Europe in the early 1990s