英国人阿诺德·汤因比(1889-1975)以《历史研究》一书而著称于世,但他的学术生涯却是从希腊研究开始的。这一生涯的失败在很大程度上促使他转向了对文明史的研究,但对他的文明理论却不无影响。一九○二年,汤因比考取著名的温切斯特公学的奖学金,在当年考取奖学金的十一名学生中名列第三。温切斯特公学是温切斯特主教在一三八二年所创建,旨在培养天资聪颖的学生,以便他们进入 The British, Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975), famous for his book Historical Studies, has his academic career started with Greek studies. The failure of this career prompted him to a large extent turned to the study of the history of civilization, but his theory of civilization is not without effect. In 1902, Toynbee took the winners of the prestigious Winchester Public School and ranked third among eleven students who passed the scholarship. Winchester Public School was founded by Cardinal Winchester in 1882 to educate talented students so they can enter