一、变革和现代化进程变革和现代化的进程在某种程度上正在全球170个国家全面展开。这些国家所处环境和组织方式大相庭径。因此,既不可能对这种进程作简单的解释,也不能对其结果作精确的概括。然而,通过思考现代化的本质、引起变革的力量和它的一些结果,我们能揭示出现代化的突出方面。1.现代性的实现西方世界虽在不同方面、不同程度影响了发展中国家,但大多数国家在很大程度上仍反映出了其悠久的传统主义特点。虽然这些社会间存在着许多差异,然而,他们也具有某些共同的特征。传统社会始于农业,是典型的养家活口性的家庭经营。在这种社会里,技术缺乏,生产力低下,几乎没有革新或创造发明。政治权力和社会地位主要取决于土地所有权,因此 I. The Process of Change and Modernization The process of change and modernization is to some extent being carried out in full swing in 170 countries around the world. The environment and organization of these countries are very different. It is therefore neither possible to give a simple explanation of such a process nor to give an accurate summary of its result. However, by thinking of the essence of modernization, the forces of change, and some of its consequences, we can reveal the salient aspects of modernization. 1. The Realization of Modernity Although the Western world has affected developing countries to varying degrees in different aspects, most countries still reflect to a large extent their long traditions. Although there are many differences between these societies, however, they also share some common characteristics. Traditional society began in agriculture, is a typical family-run to support their families. In this society, there is a lack of technology, low productivity and little or no invention or innovation. Political power and social status depend mainly on land ownership, therefore