中国古代天学机构作为各朝历代职掌观象、制历、报时等事务的官署 ,具有重要地位。几千年来 ,天学机构名称、内部建制、职官品秩、职事范围等都有过一些变化 ,但天学机构基本特质却是各朝历代所共同具有的。本文在有关文献研究的基础上 ,对中国古代天学机构的基本特征进行了概括 ,指出其具有官方性、神秘性、并置性、伎术官特色和功能多样化等特征。 As an official department in charge of various aspects of the history, system calendar, and time reporting, the ancient astronomical institutions in China have an important position. Over the past few thousand years, there have been some changes in the name, internal system, rank of officials, scope of ministries, etc. of the institution of astronomy. However, the basic characteristics of the institution of astronomy are those commonly shared by all dynasties. On the basis of relevant literature research, this paper summarizes the basic characteristics of the ancient astronomy institutions in China, and points out that it has the characteristics of official, mysterious, juxtaposition, technical characteristics and diversified functions.