Plants are colonized by various microorganisms in natural environments. While many studies have demonstrated key roles of the rhizosphere microbiota in regulating biological processes such as nutrient acquisition and resistance against abiotic and biotic challenges, less is known about the role of the phyllosphere mi-crobiota and how it is established and main-tained. This review provides an update on cur-rent understanding of phyllosphere community assembly and the mechanisms by which plants and microbes establish the phyllosphere micro-biota for plant health.