“雁行形态”理论是与经济和科技水平相对落后国家的状况相适应的一种“追赶”理论;综合商社则是日本作为相对后进国而开始刻意追赶先进国时的产物;如同“产品周期”理论与欧美“制造业型多国企业”的关系一样,“雁行形态”论的成立以综合商社——“商社型多国企业”的存在和发展为条件。以上结论也是欧美国家中不存在类似日本综合商社企业组织的原因之所在。而这一点却为学者们所忽略。 The “goose form” theory is a kind of “catch-up” theory that suits the state of relatively backward economy and science and technology. The integrated trading company is the product of Japan when it began to deliberately catch up with advanced countries as its relative backwardness. As the “product cycle” As the theory of “manufacturing multinationals” in Europe and the United States, the establishment of the theory of “geese” is conditional on the existence and development of a comprehensive trading company, a “multinational corporation with a trading company.” The above conclusion is also why there are no similar Japanese alliances in European and American countries. This is ignored by academics.