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Abstract Burkina Faso is one of the least developed countries in the world， and is located on the edge of the desert. Drought and water shortage， backward agricultural infrastructure， lacking of water conservancy and irrigation facilities have caused a great threat to the country’s food security. Promoting the cultivation of hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso can well achieve the "going out" of Chinese agriculture and assist in the completion of agricultural assistance to Burkina Faso after the resumption of diplomatic relations with Burkina Faso. In 2019， Zhangjiakou City Academy of Agricultural Sciences cooperated with CGCOC Agriculture Co.， Ltd. to plant hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso， selected three pearl millet varieties that are better promoted locally as control varieties， and found that planting Zhangzagu No.8 ， No.16 and No.18 with a density of 667 000 plant/hm2 （plant spacing 0.12 m×0.25 m， 2 plants per hole） and a fertilization amount of 0.3 t/hm2 and sowing in late July are suitable for production management technical regulations of hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso. Because hybrid foxtail millet is superior to local pearl millet in terms of yield， resistance to powdery mildew， and its lodging resistance， it has good prospects for promotion in Burkina Faso.
Key words Burkina Faso; hybrid foxtail millet; Pearl millet; Production
Received： September 6， 2020 Accepted： November 11， 2020
Xiaojie LIU （1987-）， female， P. R. China， agronomist， devoted to research about hybrid foxtail millet promotion.
*Corresponding author. E-mail： liuxiaojie87@126.com.
Burkina Faso is a West African landlocked country located in the Niger Bay area[1]. It is short of resources and is located on the edge of the desert. It is a country in the arid zone with backward agricultural infrastructure and lack of water conservancy irrigation facilities where grain production is extremely unstable and not easy to be self-sufficient. The hybrid foxtail millet selected by the Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences has a low water requirement during the growth period[2]. As a drought-resistant crop， it is widely planted in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. With the production conditions of Burkina Faso， the advantages of hybrid foxtail millet in drought resistance and high yield can be applied. Millet is Burkina Faso’s largest staple food crop and the main food crop in Burkina Faso[3]. The introduction and promotion of hybrid foxtail millet will make an important contribution to Burkina’s food production and supply. After the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and Burkina Faso on May 26， 2018[3]， we focused on assisting Burkina Faso’s millet planting demonstration technical assistance project. In 2019， Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences cooperated with CGCOC Agriculture Development Co.， Ltd. to experiment with planting hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso. CGCOC Agriculture Development Co.， Ltd. has been operating locally for many years， providing a good environment for the smooth implementation of this study.
Based on comprehensive considerations such as safety factors， soil and climate conditions， this study was conducted on foxtail millet at the breeding base of Lombila Farm in the capital of Burkina Faso， Ouagadougou， to explore the impact of climate and soil conditions on its growth and development and summarize the key to adapting foxtail millet production management technology in Burkina Faso.
Materials and Methods
General situation of the experimental field
There is no desert in Burkina Faso， but there are large areas in the west with sandy and barren soil， and the Volta Valley in the southeast is harassed by tsetse flies， so the population is mostly concentrated in the livable central and eastern parts. Burkina Faso has a tropical grassland climate with an average annual temperature of 27 ℃， and the highest temperature from March to May can reach 41℃. The whole year is divided into rainy and dry seasons： June to October is the rainy season， November to May of the following year is the dry season[5]. The dry and hot northeast trade-wind prevails in the dry season， and the southwest monsoon brings rainfall in the rainy season. The dry season is sunny， hot and dry， and the rainy season is more stormy and rainy. The annual rainfall decreases from 1 000 mm to 400 mm from south to north[5]. This study was conducted at the breeding base of Lombila Farm in the capital of Burkina Faso， Ouagadougou， located at 12°24′N latitude and 1°30′ longitude， with a flat terrain and an altitude of 305 m. Lombila Farm is adjacent to Lombila Lake. The surface of the lake is flat and the resistance is small， so it is easy to form strong wind. Most of the soil is sandy loam， some of the soil is severely desertified， and the soil texture is poor.
Experimental materials and design
Experimental materials
Due to the similar climatic conditions in Burkina Faso and Nigeria， the sowing date and moisture content are no longer studied （Nigeria has successfully tested planting）. The selected varieties for this experiment were Zhangzagu No.8， No.16， and No.18， and the control varieties was local pearl millets. The protection lines were planted with 12 varieties of maize， cotton， soybean， and sesame from the local area as isolation crops. Taking into account the general lack of irrigation conditions in the millet planting area in Burkina Faso， from the perspective of planting technology promotion， millet cultivation was designed with three factors： planting density （including row spacing and number of plants per hole）， fertilizer dosage， and sowing date， and irrigation factors is not taken into consideration. Experimental design
Hybrid foxtail millet density setting （/hole） The planting row spacing was 25 cm; the plant spacing was 12 cm; and the numbers of seedlings in each hole were 1， 2， 3， 4， and 5， respectively.
Pearl millet density setting The row spacing was 60 cm， and each plot was planted with 4 rows. The plant spacing was set with 5 treatments： 20， 30， 40， 50， 60 cm.
Results and Analysis
Cultivation test results
Table 1 shows the cultivation conditions of hybrid foxtail millet and Burkina Faso pearl millet during the rainy season.
Cultivation experiments were set with 5 density levels of 1， 2， 3， 4， and 5 plants per hole， respectively. It can be seen from Table 2 to Table 4 that the suitable cultivation density of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet was 667 000 plants/hm2 （row spacing 0.12 m×0.25 m， 2 plants per hole）. Under this treatment， it showed the advantage of high yield and reached a very significant level （P<0.01）.
Field investigation test results
Through field trait investigation and laboratory test on each variety， the results are shown in Table 5 and Table 6.
It can be seen from Table 5 that Chinese hybrid foxtail millet exhibited high resistance to smut and lodging. The incidence of smut and lodging rate were lower than those of local pearl millet varieties IKMP5， IKMV8201 and MISARI1， and the growth period of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet was commonly shorter than the local pearl millet.
It can be seen from Table 6 that the grain weight per ear， ear weight， plant height and ear length of the three Zhangzagu hybrid foxtail millet varieties participating in the experiment were generally lower than those of the local pearl millet， but the yield per plot and yield were generally higher than those of the local pearl millet.
The yields of different millet varieties are shown in Table 7.
Although the Chinese hybrid foxtail millet had no tillers compared with the local pearl millet， it can be seen from Table 6 to Table 8 that the Chinese Zhangzagu hybrid foxtail millet varieties showed a high yield advantage and reached a very significant level （P<0.01）.
The yield variance analysis of different millet varieties is shown in Table 8.
Results and Discussion
Through statistical analysis on the field biological characteristics and laboratory test results of different crop varieties （Chinese hybrid foxtail millet， Burkina Faso local pearl millet）， it can be seen that the core reason for the high resistance in Chinese hybrid foxtail millet showed to smut was that Chinese hybrid foxtail millet and local millet （pearl millet） are not the same species and belong to the genus Setaria and Pennisetum， respectively， and Chinese hybrid foxtail millet is probably not the host of local smut. The lodging rate of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet was low， and the reason was that compared with pearl millet， Chinese hybrid foxtail millet plants are shorter， at about 1 m， and have strong lodging resistance. The local pearl millet plant is more than 2 m high and can be blown down by wind. The characteristics of resistance to smut and lodging of the three varieties of Zhangzagu hybrid foxtail millets in China might be one reason why their yield was higher than that of the local pearl millet. The most suitable sowing dates for all varieties are concentrated in late July， which is appropriate according to local weather conditions. For example， the sowing date is early-to-mid July， then the harvest period is from the end of September to the beginning of October when there is frequent rainfall and filling has not been fully completed， especially for the pearl millet， which has a higher individual plant.
The growth period of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet was 88 to 91 d， and the growth period was shorter， while the three local varieties had longer growth periods and later flowering date. The growth period of IKMP5 was 105 d， and the time for vegetative growth accounted for a large proportion， which might be one reason why the yield was lower than that of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet.
In summary， the hybrid foxtail millet Zhangzagu No.8， No.16 and No.18 have good promotion prospects in Burkina Faso.
References
[1] RONBURG A. Sustainable development of water resources and hydropower in Burkina Faso[J]. Express Water Resources&Hydropower Information， 2005（26）-12： 10-11. （in Chinese）
[2] LI HY， CHENG HY， GUO Y， et al. Research progress on drought resistance mechanism of millet[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University： Natural Science Edition， 2018， 38（1）： 6- 10. （in Chinese）
[3] XU JZ， LIANG XP， JIANG CH， et al. Current status of Burkina Faso cotton industry and prospects for China-Burkina Faso cooperation[J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology， 2019（8）： 38-43. （in Chinese）
[4] KARIM BADOLO. China and Burkina Faso relations have a steady pace[J]. China Investment， 2019 September： 56-61.
[5] DU JP. Burkina Faso’s economy and the "First Five-Year Plan"[J]. Journal of International Economic Cooperation， 1987（7）： 48-50. （in Chinese）
Editor： Yingzhi GUANG Proofreader： Xinxiu ZHU
Key words Burkina Faso; hybrid foxtail millet; Pearl millet; Production
Received： September 6， 2020 Accepted： November 11， 2020
Xiaojie LIU （1987-）， female， P. R. China， agronomist， devoted to research about hybrid foxtail millet promotion.
*Corresponding author. E-mail： liuxiaojie87@126.com.
Burkina Faso is a West African landlocked country located in the Niger Bay area[1]. It is short of resources and is located on the edge of the desert. It is a country in the arid zone with backward agricultural infrastructure and lack of water conservancy irrigation facilities where grain production is extremely unstable and not easy to be self-sufficient. The hybrid foxtail millet selected by the Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences has a low water requirement during the growth period[2]. As a drought-resistant crop， it is widely planted in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. With the production conditions of Burkina Faso， the advantages of hybrid foxtail millet in drought resistance and high yield can be applied. Millet is Burkina Faso’s largest staple food crop and the main food crop in Burkina Faso[3]. The introduction and promotion of hybrid foxtail millet will make an important contribution to Burkina’s food production and supply. After the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and Burkina Faso on May 26， 2018[3]， we focused on assisting Burkina Faso’s millet planting demonstration technical assistance project. In 2019， Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences cooperated with CGCOC Agriculture Development Co.， Ltd. to experiment with planting hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso. CGCOC Agriculture Development Co.， Ltd. has been operating locally for many years， providing a good environment for the smooth implementation of this study.
Based on comprehensive considerations such as safety factors， soil and climate conditions， this study was conducted on foxtail millet at the breeding base of Lombila Farm in the capital of Burkina Faso， Ouagadougou， to explore the impact of climate and soil conditions on its growth and development and summarize the key to adapting foxtail millet production management technology in Burkina Faso.
Materials and Methods
General situation of the experimental field
There is no desert in Burkina Faso， but there are large areas in the west with sandy and barren soil， and the Volta Valley in the southeast is harassed by tsetse flies， so the population is mostly concentrated in the livable central and eastern parts. Burkina Faso has a tropical grassland climate with an average annual temperature of 27 ℃， and the highest temperature from March to May can reach 41℃. The whole year is divided into rainy and dry seasons： June to October is the rainy season， November to May of the following year is the dry season[5]. The dry and hot northeast trade-wind prevails in the dry season， and the southwest monsoon brings rainfall in the rainy season. The dry season is sunny， hot and dry， and the rainy season is more stormy and rainy. The annual rainfall decreases from 1 000 mm to 400 mm from south to north[5]. This study was conducted at the breeding base of Lombila Farm in the capital of Burkina Faso， Ouagadougou， located at 12°24′N latitude and 1°30′ longitude， with a flat terrain and an altitude of 305 m. Lombila Farm is adjacent to Lombila Lake. The surface of the lake is flat and the resistance is small， so it is easy to form strong wind. Most of the soil is sandy loam， some of the soil is severely desertified， and the soil texture is poor.
Experimental materials and design
Experimental materials
Due to the similar climatic conditions in Burkina Faso and Nigeria， the sowing date and moisture content are no longer studied （Nigeria has successfully tested planting）. The selected varieties for this experiment were Zhangzagu No.8， No.16， and No.18， and the control varieties was local pearl millets. The protection lines were planted with 12 varieties of maize， cotton， soybean， and sesame from the local area as isolation crops. Taking into account the general lack of irrigation conditions in the millet planting area in Burkina Faso， from the perspective of planting technology promotion， millet cultivation was designed with three factors： planting density （including row spacing and number of plants per hole）， fertilizer dosage， and sowing date， and irrigation factors is not taken into consideration. Experimental design
Hybrid foxtail millet density setting （/hole） The planting row spacing was 25 cm; the plant spacing was 12 cm; and the numbers of seedlings in each hole were 1， 2， 3， 4， and 5， respectively.
Pearl millet density setting The row spacing was 60 cm， and each plot was planted with 4 rows. The plant spacing was set with 5 treatments： 20， 30， 40， 50， 60 cm.
Results and Analysis
Cultivation test results
Table 1 shows the cultivation conditions of hybrid foxtail millet and Burkina Faso pearl millet during the rainy season.
Cultivation experiments were set with 5 density levels of 1， 2， 3， 4， and 5 plants per hole， respectively. It can be seen from Table 2 to Table 4 that the suitable cultivation density of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet was 667 000 plants/hm2 （row spacing 0.12 m×0.25 m， 2 plants per hole）. Under this treatment， it showed the advantage of high yield and reached a very significant level （P<0.01）.
Field investigation test results
Through field trait investigation and laboratory test on each variety， the results are shown in Table 5 and Table 6.
It can be seen from Table 5 that Chinese hybrid foxtail millet exhibited high resistance to smut and lodging. The incidence of smut and lodging rate were lower than those of local pearl millet varieties IKMP5， IKMV8201 and MISARI1， and the growth period of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet was commonly shorter than the local pearl millet.
It can be seen from Table 6 that the grain weight per ear， ear weight， plant height and ear length of the three Zhangzagu hybrid foxtail millet varieties participating in the experiment were generally lower than those of the local pearl millet， but the yield per plot and yield were generally higher than those of the local pearl millet.
The yields of different millet varieties are shown in Table 7.
Although the Chinese hybrid foxtail millet had no tillers compared with the local pearl millet， it can be seen from Table 6 to Table 8 that the Chinese Zhangzagu hybrid foxtail millet varieties showed a high yield advantage and reached a very significant level （P<0.01）.
The yield variance analysis of different millet varieties is shown in Table 8.
Results and Discussion
Through statistical analysis on the field biological characteristics and laboratory test results of different crop varieties （Chinese hybrid foxtail millet， Burkina Faso local pearl millet）， it can be seen that the core reason for the high resistance in Chinese hybrid foxtail millet showed to smut was that Chinese hybrid foxtail millet and local millet （pearl millet） are not the same species and belong to the genus Setaria and Pennisetum， respectively， and Chinese hybrid foxtail millet is probably not the host of local smut. The lodging rate of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet was low， and the reason was that compared with pearl millet， Chinese hybrid foxtail millet plants are shorter， at about 1 m， and have strong lodging resistance. The local pearl millet plant is more than 2 m high and can be blown down by wind. The characteristics of resistance to smut and lodging of the three varieties of Zhangzagu hybrid foxtail millets in China might be one reason why their yield was higher than that of the local pearl millet. The most suitable sowing dates for all varieties are concentrated in late July， which is appropriate according to local weather conditions. For example， the sowing date is early-to-mid July， then the harvest period is from the end of September to the beginning of October when there is frequent rainfall and filling has not been fully completed， especially for the pearl millet， which has a higher individual plant.
The growth period of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet was 88 to 91 d， and the growth period was shorter， while the three local varieties had longer growth periods and later flowering date. The growth period of IKMP5 was 105 d， and the time for vegetative growth accounted for a large proportion， which might be one reason why the yield was lower than that of Chinese hybrid foxtail millet.
In summary， the hybrid foxtail millet Zhangzagu No.8， No.16 and No.18 have good promotion prospects in Burkina Faso.
References
[1] RONBURG A. Sustainable development of water resources and hydropower in Burkina Faso[J]. Express Water Resources&Hydropower Information， 2005（26）-12： 10-11. （in Chinese）
[2] LI HY， CHENG HY， GUO Y， et al. Research progress on drought resistance mechanism of millet[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University： Natural Science Edition， 2018， 38（1）： 6- 10. （in Chinese）
[3] XU JZ， LIANG XP， JIANG CH， et al. Current status of Burkina Faso cotton industry and prospects for China-Burkina Faso cooperation[J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology， 2019（8）： 38-43. （in Chinese）
[4] KARIM BADOLO. China and Burkina Faso relations have a steady pace[J]. China Investment， 2019 September： 56-61.
[5] DU JP. Burkina Faso’s economy and the "First Five-Year Plan"[J]. Journal of International Economic Cooperation， 1987（7）： 48-50. （in Chinese）
Editor： Yingzhi GUANG Proofreader： Xinxiu ZHU