BACKGROUND: Emergency physicians have been successful in implementing procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) to treat emergency department (ED) patients who need to undergo painful procedures. However, 25％ of the EDs in the Netherlands are not staffed by emergency physicians. The aim of this study was to investigate PSAavailability and quality in EDs without emergency physicians. METHODS: We performed an exploratory cross-sectional study amongst ED nurses and physicians in all 13 EDs without emergency physicians in the Netherlands. Data were gathered using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate was 34.3％ (148/432). Of the respondents, 84/148 (56.8％) provided adult PSA and 30/148 (20.3％) provided paediatric PSA. Main reasons for not providing PSA were insufficient numbers of trained staff to support PSA in the ED and insufficient training and exposure. The providers agreed significantly stronger when reflecting their PSA competencies in adults compared to paediatric patients. CONCLUSION: The key to improve pain management in the ED-setting may lay in investing in continuous training of ED health care professionals and/or acquiring professionals who are both qualified in PSA and available in the ED.