“唯物史观”是马克思解释人类历史的重要理论,但是它形成于马克思从资产阶级社会向后思索一般人类社会的研究时期,因而无法具体说明史前社会的情况,这一难题构成马克思中后期历史研究的主攻方向。在进一步研究过程中,马克思以公社为切入点,通过借鉴文化人类学的研究成果,具体说明了公有制的历史存在、公有制向私有制的历史转变和公有制社会的内部结构三个关键问题,建构了“人类史观”这一理解史前社会的理论结构,从而实现了对“唯物史观”的发展。 Historical Materialism is an important theory of Marx’s explanation of human history. However, it was formed during the research period from the bourgeois society to the ordinary human society, and therefore can not specify the situation of the prehistoric society. This problem constituted Marx’s The main direction of post-historical research. In the process of further research, Marx used the research results of cultural anthropology to explain the historical existence of public ownership, the historical transformation of public ownership to private ownership and the internal structure of public ownership society, The concept of “human history” understands the theoretical structure of prehistoric society and thus realizes the development of “historical materialism.”