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摘要:本文闡述了超声波无损检测技术的原理,并结合实例分析了该项技术在石材质量检测中的应用。
关键词:超声波检测;石材质量;应用
目前的石材质量的检测标准,例如《天然花岗石建筑板材》(GB/T 18601-2009)、《天然板石》(GB/T 18600-2009),检查项目包括外观质量和理化性能两大部分,理化性能规定了体积密度、吸水率、耐气候软化深度、压缩强度、弯曲强度、耐磨性等要求,但无超声波无损检测的规定,实际上利用超声波检测石材内部缺陷简便易行,但因为石材品种、产地、矿物成分、结构等差异,超声波检测只能做相对比较,无法规定具体指标,这可能是规范中没有把它列入的原因吧。然而还是有一些研究者涉足了石材质量超声波检测的研究,侯建国[1]研究了风化石材与未风化石材超声波速与波幅的差异;童寿兴等[2]研究了超声波检测石碑缺陷问题,并得出超声波检测技术完全适用于石材质量检测的结论;杨毅等[3]研究了超声波检测技术对石质文物表面风化程度的检测及风化等级的评估方法。可见,采用超声波检测石材质量是可行的,所以本文对该技术在石材检测中的应用进行了探讨。
1 超声波无损检测技术原理
1.1 超声波及特性
超声波是机械振动在媒介中传播的一种机械波,频率一般在20kHz以上,这个频率也是人耳所能听到的声波上限。石材检测频率一般取100~1000 kHz[4]。超声波在固体介质中会产生纵波和横波,沿固体表面传播产生表面波,沿有界体产生导波。超声波穿透能力强,在固体内会产生透射,而在界面上会产生反射、折射、散射或绕射。超声波的传播速度主要决定于介质性质,致密岩石的波速大于疏松岩石的波速。石材中存在缺陷,即结构上有不连续、不完整状况,如风化、裂缝、孔洞等,超声波就会产生路径、相位的变化,以及不同路径、相位声波的叠加,从而引起波速、波幅的改变以致波形畸变,据此可判断缺陷的性质。
1.2 检测仪器与原理
超声波检测仪器分为金属检测仪和非金属检测仪两大类,研究岩石质量特性应采用非金属检测仪。根据检测原理,非金属检测仪分为透射法检测、折射法检测和反射法检测三种类型。岩石检测主要利用纵波和横波透射原理。发射和接受超声波的装置称作换能器,它是根据电能与声能转换原理制成的。按照换能器布置形式,透射法分为对测法和平测法两种,石材一般采用对测法检测,检测原理如图1所示。
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,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)
1.3 石材质量与声波检测的相关性
1.3.1 泊松比与声波传播速度之间的关系
泊松比
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,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)
,其中
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDQAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAKAAoAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAAABAoLCwgDAAAAAwgKDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQsGAwQIDQ0LCgQDCAsLDQ0IBAMGCw0KCAMECgQECgoEBAQEBAAECgQAAAgGCwgEBAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwU0ICAEA1EYB6AiiQIsjKo2zgNFsipNDZWri0jF9RNYYj9E4SJrYALMX6+R+QEkmgGxiUGGAAA7)
为纵波声速(m/s),
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAAPAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAIAAoAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAADCAsKCAMAAAMGCw0LCgQAAwgKDQoICgQABAoLDQ0IBAQIDQ0KCAMDCAsLCwgGCgsGAwsGBAQGCAQGCw0LCwgDAAsLDQoEBAAAAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUsICAEA1EYAHAgCaCk6sI0DvxAkQQDk0G1MEHFsrtgBpmdshFAKTWMImaTCAEAOw==)
为横波声速(m/s)。
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhCwALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAIAAYAhAAAAAAAAAQDCAsLDQ0IBAMGCwoEAAQIDQoEAwgKCgQECgQAAA0LCgAABAoLDQ0ICAgKDQECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUcIAAwwkAOIlEAqggYB4AkyrgEeOMAD+SKpx8gBAA7)
反映了岩石的弹性性能,与岩石的完整程度有关。图2是
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhCwALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAIAAYAhAAAAAAAAAQDCAsLDQ0IBAMGCwoEAAQIDQoEAwgKCgQECgQAAA0LCgAABAoLDQ0ICAgKDQECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUcIAAwwkAOIlEAqggYB4AkyrgEeOMAD+SKpx8gBAA7)
与
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhHQAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAaAAoAhQAAAAAAAAoEAAAABAoLCwgDAAAAAwgKDQsICgsLDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQsGAwQIDQ0LCggGCwQDCA0IBAMGCw0ICA0KCAMECgQECgoICgoEBAoIDQQEBAsGCAAECgQAAAgGCggEBAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwZtQIAgMCAUDAeAcolICIlG5FKxYAAajuXyAVFSrVjtI5KQTLRLShIwLp+1Fcvjgl5ilvF5vTHJWOsPGkt8fnUCG1l1ABx/Qoh1CgUdWx4BkwofU5KUUmhzXIqedIoVIAONoUoSk54eialeBQFnQQA7)
关系曲线,可见
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhFwAMAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAgAWAAcAhAAAAA0LCgQAAAMGCw0KCAMABAoLDQsICgsLDQsGCA0LCwoICwoGCAsKCAQGCw0KCgoKDQgEBAQECAMAAAQIDQ0IBAAAAwgKDQ0ICgoKCggIDQQDAwMDCAgDAAADCAECAwVDYCAMRGEAaHogImmmibGmqbKg8ZwyjUOnDwiK56tFJIgfaqY4Jo1CAGFCQdmskWjFcvlhMlFliqD5BTacpxig6HgQIQA7)
越大,岩石的
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAIAAgAhAAAAAAAAAMECgsGAwQIDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQMGCwgDAAMGCggGCg0LCggDAw0KCAAAAwMDAAgKDQ0ICAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUlICA6AkCKwECkK1AYx3uM5SkOSJEoC8A0gQfkEQFIiigXLAkIAQA7)
也越大。据大量数据统计,完整致密的岩石
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAIAAgAhAAAAAAAAAMECgsGAwQIDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQMGCwgDAAMGCggGCg0LCggDAw0KCAAAAwMDAAgKDQ0ICAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUlICA6AkCKwECkK1AYx3uM5SkOSJEoC8A0gQfkEQFIiigXLAkIAQA7)
=0.25,
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhGQANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAWAAgAhQAAAAAAAAsLDQ0LCwgDAAAABAoLDQoEAAAECgoICgsGAwQIDQ0IBA0LCgoIDQsGBAgKCgQECg0ICgoEAwMDBAsKCwoGBAoKDQ0KCAMAAAAAAwgKDQoICw0KCwMGCw0ICAoEBAQABAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwZMQIBwSBR2BMXhgFAwHBDJBGDZfA4VC8Yi2XAIsVriAxJJAiQG4bhMnFDSycrQDR9aLkJMRrOZcux4AAwBHkUffWZFIHUADSGMZkt8QQA7)
=1.73;巖石质量变劣裂隙逐渐发育
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAIAAgAhAAAAAAAAAMECgsGAwQIDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQMGCwgDAAMGCggGCg0LCggDAw0KCAAAAwMDAAgKDQ0ICAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUlICA6AkCKwECkK1AYx3uM5SkOSJEoC8A0gQfkEQFIiigXLAkIAQA7)
=0.35~0.4,
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhGQANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAWAAgAhQAAAAAAAAsLDQ0LCwgDAAAABAoLDQoEAAAECgoICgsGAwQIDQ0IBA0LCgoIDQsGBAgKCgQECg0ICgoEAwMDBAsKCwoGBAoKDQ0KCAMAAAAAAwgKDQoICw0KCwMGCw0ICAoEBAQABAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwZMQIBwSBR2BMXhgFAwHBDJBGDZfA4VC8Yi2XAIsVriAxJJAiQG4bhMnFDSycrQDR9aLkJMRrOZcux4AAwBHkUffWZFIHUADSGMZkt8QQA7)
=2.35~2.45;岩体由破碎到非常破碎
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAIAAgAhAAAAAAAAAMECgsGAwQIDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQMGCwgDAAMGCggGCg0LCggDAw0KCAAAAwMDAAgKDQ0ICAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUlICA6AkCKwECkK1AYx3uM5SkOSJEoC8A0gQfkEQFIiigXLAkIAQA7)
=0.4~0.48,
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhGAANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAVAAgAhQAAAAAAAAsLDQ0LCwgDAAAABAoLDQoEAAAECgoICgsGAwQIDQ0IBA0LCgoIDQsGBAgKCgQECg0ICgoEAwMDBAsKCwoGBAoKDQ0KCAMAAAAAAwgKDQoICw0KCwMGCw0ICAoEBAQABAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwZLQIBwSAR0BMXhgFAwHBDFBGDZfA4VC8ai2HAIsVriAxJJSgzCcZk4oaCLlWH7PbRchJiMZjPg1O8ADAEeRR8bSUkgdAANIYtJS3tBADs=)
=2.45~7.55。 1.3.2 声速与岩石类型的关系
不同类型的岩石由于地质成因、矿物组合、结构、构造等存在差异,所以波速不一样,表1是部分石材纵波声速特征[1]。可见,致密、强度高的石材声速也大。
1.3.3 声速与岩石风化程度的关系
同一种岩石风化程度不同,它们的声速也存在显著差异,以某地区一种闪长岩不同风化程度实测纵波声速为例:较新鲜岩石声速>6.0km/s;微风化岩石声速5.4~6.0 km/s;弱风化岩石声速3.5~5.4km/s;强风化岩石声速<3.5 km/s。
1.3.4 声速与岩石强度的关系
岩石单轴抗压强度与纵波声速的关系为
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,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)
,其中
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAJAAoAhAAAAAAAAAsGAwAAAwgKDQ0LCwgDAw0IBAAECg0LCgQECgoEAAMGCwQICwQABAoLDQ0KCAMAAAADCAsLDQQIDQgDAAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUtIAAIQTAQolgYxIGkQKIACwMfpQ0vDQsnjodAB4BEAgyjZALbEVMLShNQqJxCADs=)
为岩石单轴抗压强度(MPa),
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAAPAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAJAAoAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAADCAsKCAMAAAMGCw0LCgQAAwgKDQoICgQABAoLDQ0IBAQIDQ0KCAMDCAsLCwgGCgsGAwsGBAQGCAQGCw0LCwgDAAsLDQAAAw0ICAECAwECAwECAwECAwUtICAEA1EYQHogCaCk6sI0Dgw8UCTZwGRQLZugYuFdMIMMj/coaIKwDRR2kKVCADs=)
为纵波声速(m/s),
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDQAOAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAJAAgAhAAAAAAAAA0IBAMGCwsGAwAECgAABAoLDQ0LCgQABAADCAsLDQQIDQoEAA0KCAMABAQEAAQAAwgKDQECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUmICACQhAMI0AUqnGISPIKyiIKrMqMDYqPjgckkBMRUCkAIiJJAkIAOw==)
為岩石密度(t/m3)。由该关系式易见
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAJAAoAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAAABAoLCwgDAAAAAwgKDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQsGAwQIDQ0LCgQDCAsLDQ0IBAMGCw0KCAMECgQECgoEBAQEBAAECgQAAAgGCwgEBAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUyICAEA1EYBwAgiQIsjAo0zgNFMiBNDZW/kYorJ7DEcojCRdXABJa5XiPzk2gGQybmGAIAOw==)
或
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhCwALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAHAAYAhAAAAAAAAAsGAwAAAwgKDQMGCw0LCwgECAsLDQoEBAoLDQ0KCAQEBAMAAAQIDQsGBA0LCgQDCAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUaICAKwUCMBSCkxoEAiQIsTBM44nOKABS9vBAAOw==)
增加时
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAJAAoAhAAAAAAAAAsGAwAAAwgKDQ0LCwgDAw0IBAAECg0LCgQECgoEAAMGCwQICwQABAoLDQ0KCAMAAAADCAsLDQQIDQgDAAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUtIAAIQTAQolgYxIGkQKIACwMfpQ0vDQsnjodAB4BEAgyjZALbEVMLShNQqJxCADs=)
都会增加,但
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAJAAoAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAAABAoLCwgDAAAAAwgKDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQsGAwQIDQ0LCgQDCAsLDQ0IBAMGCw0KCAMECgQECgoEBAQEBAAECgQAAAgGCwgEBAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUyICAEA1EYBwAgiQIsjAo0zgNFMiBNDZW/kYorJ7DEcojCRdXABJa5XiPzk2gGQybmGAIAOw==)
对
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDwAUAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEABAANAAwAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAADCAsLDQ0LCwgDAwgKDQgDAAMGCw0LCgQDCA0IBAAAAwAABAoLDQQABAoLCwAECg0KCAMAAAQIDQQAAAoEBAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwU7ICAKQTkQYioWxlEgiZoqCyrEMsDETHPkAFLA8QAqIJEWUCfR4WSs37GomlCGRVJlKVNYiNwLlUuKhQAAOw==)
的贡献更大,这也为表1数据所证实。
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,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)
2 超聲波检测技术在石材质量检测中的应用
2.1 检测程序
石材进场后应按照GB/T 18601-2009、GB/T 18600-2009等相关标准进行检验和验收,并应按图3所示程序进行检测。
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,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)
在做超声检测时应同时取得新鲜岩石和风化岩石样本,在试验室测定理化性能和超声波速指标,并建立两者之间的关系。石材进场后通过已建立的这种关系鉴定石材的风化程度,可用公式
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhLAAOAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgApAAkAhQAAAAAAAAoEAAADCAsIBAAECgsKCAMAAAMGCwsICgsLDQ0KCAMABAoLCwgGCg0LCgQAAwgKDQoICg0LCwoICw0IBAAECAgDAwQABAoLDQQIDQ0ICAsGAwAAAwMDCAsLCwQEAwgDAAsGBAoIDQQGCAQGCw0ICgoEBAoKCgoKDQgIDQAABAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwaQQABAEBgQAgWhcrkkDgwHxDKhGBahUuGC0XAwv8sHJAKQLCcUoZhsVlYsFzIY/MBkKprlRl6/55UcHXJzXwseH15LbQCGiGcXIFlMEyEBlgNVABwIIoMADyOAnJ6GCgJ/Z5WXmQIkJUwmGUqtr26WGk6ZhACUmGeJvCG+AoJzJygpu8qTDgsqcxW+y9OaKxlBADs=)
进行计算。其中
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDgAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwALAAoAhAAAAAAAAAsGAwAAAwgKDQoEAAMGCw0LCwgDAw0KCAgIDQ0LCgQDCAoGAwADCAsLDQ0IBAQEBAQABAoLDQMABAMAAAAECgoEBAoLCwgGCg0KCgoKCwsKDQMAAwECAwECAwUzIAAIwUAUgSGKB0IkyrouTOM8sgil+VpEt95CMklQJrJEJbULWHq5CyYDBWg2nGqiQwgBADs=)
为波速比,
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAAOAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAJAAgAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAAAAwgKDQsGAwAABAoLDQ0LCwgDAw0LCgQABAsGBA0KCAMDCAsLDQQGCw0IBAAECggECAMGCwoEAwQEBAQIDQgDAAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUsICAEA1EExgEgCQEoi/rGAOMCQOM8DYTjEQli8vgBCpTK7SewXIwrjAQKCAEAOw==)
为待测岩石的声速,
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAJAAoAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAAABAoLCwgDAAAAAwgKDQ0LCwgDBAoLDQsGAwQIDQ0LCgQDCAsLDQ0IBAMGCw0KCAMECgQECgoEBAQEBAAECgoGCAsLCwgECAgGCgECAwECAwECAwECAwUyICAEA1EYBwAgiQIsjAo0zgNFMiBNDZW/kYorJ7DEcojCRQUJHHOYjOaB1GQ2P0AzFgIAOw==)
为新鲜岩石声速。一般
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDgAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwALAAoAhAAAAAAAAAsGAwAAAwgKDQoEAAMGCw0LCwgDAw0KCAgIDQ0LCgQDCAoGAwADCAsLDQ0IBAQEBAQABAoLDQMABAMAAAAECgoEBAoLCwgGCg0KCgoKCwsKDQMAAwECAwECAwUzIAAIwUAUgSGKB0IkyrouTOM8sgil+VpEt95CMklQJrJEJbULWHq5CyYDBWg2nGqiQwgBADs=)
≥0.9未风化;
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDgAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwALAAoAhAAAAAAAAAsGAwAAAwgKDQoEAAMGCw0LCwgDAw0KCAgIDQ0LCgQDCAoGAwADCAsLDQ0IBAQEBAQABAoLDQMABAMAAAAECgoEBAoLCwgGCg0KCgoKCwsKDQMAAwECAwECAwUzIAAIwUAUgSGKB0IkyrouTOM8sgil+VpEt95CMklQJrJEJbULWHq5CyYDBWg2nGqiQwgBADs=)
=0.8~0.9微风化;
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDgAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwALAAoAhAAAAAAAAAsGAwAAAwgKDQoEAAMGCw0LCwgDAw0KCAgIDQ0LCgQDCAoGAwADCAsLDQ0IBAQEBAQABAoLDQMABAMAAAAECgoEBAoLCwgGCg0KCgoKCwsKDQMAAwECAwECAwUzIAAIwUAUgSGKB0IkyrouTOM8sgil+VpEt95CMklQJrJEJbULWHq5CyYDBWg2nGqiQwgBADs=)
=0.6~0.8中风化;
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhEQAUAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEABAAOAAwAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAMGCw0LCgQAAAADCAsLDQ0LCwgDAAQIDQQDCAQABAoLDQsGAwAABA0IBAAECAAAAwgKDQgGAwAECggDAw0KCAMAAA0ICggGCwoICgECAwECAwECAwECAwVCICAKQTAQRWAcYoskCkAsbNsSTOM8jW1DkcTA5xNIJkQbjsJLiiAVwK5HRFiQ0qbtggkcuaWos6jIUJ0EzWYsQsVCADs=)
=0.4~0.6強风化;
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAKAAcAhAAAAAoEAAAABAoLCgQAAAAECgsGBAgICAMABAoLDQ0LCwgEBAQECAsLDQ0KCAQGCw0LCgADCAsKCAMAAAoEBAoKCgoKDQ0IBAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUiIAAEwkAUYmocSJKKysI0r+g8dw0RkTRFtNqLUrEIARdgCAA7)
=0.2~0.4全风化;
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAANAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAKAAcAhAAAAAoEAAAABAoLCgQAAAAECgsGBAgICAMABAoLDQ0LCwgEBAQECAsLDQ0KCAQGCw0LCgADCAsKCAMAAAoEBAoKCgoKDQ0IBAECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUiIAAEwkAUYmocSJKKysI0r+g8dw0RkTRFtNqLUrEIARdgCAA7)
<0.2组织结构完全破坏。 2.2实例分析
某石材应用超声波检测,图4为新鲜岩石和风化岩石检测波形图。其中(a)采用350mm测距,测出波速
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAARAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAJAAoAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAAAAwgKDQsGAwAABAoLDQ0LCwgDAw0LCgQABAsGBA0KCAMDCAsLDQQGCw0IBAAECggECAMGCwoEAwQEBAQIDQgDAAoGCAsLCwgGCgECAwECAwECAwECAwU3ICAEA1EExgEgCQEoi/rGAOMCQOM8DYTjEQli8vgBCpTK7SewXACRwBOBkeAyGqJxqNkYgVJACAA7)
=5.5km/s,波幅
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDQAOAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAgAIAAkAhAAAAAAAAAsLDQ0KCAMDCA0LCwgDAAAECgsGBAgGBAQGCw0IBAMGCwoEAAoGCAQIDQsGAwMECgAAAwgKDQECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwUoICCOjjCKA2GOhXGcAJK846AszNkEQS4uDwAkCBhERI3gInBoBSSTEAA7)
=104.39dB,且波形完整,连续性也好;(b)采用150mm测距,波速
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhDAARAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAwAJAAoAhAAAAAAAAAoEAAAAAwgKDQsGAwAABAoLDQ0LCwgDAw0LCgQABAsGBA0KCAMDCAsLDQQGCw0IBAAECggECAMGCwoEAwQEBAQIDQgDAAoGCAsLCwgGCgECAwECAwECAwECAwU3ICAEA1EExgEgCQEoi/rGAOMCQOM8DYTjEQli8vgBCpTK7SewXACRwBOBkeAyGqJxqNkYgVJACAA7)
=3.6km/s,波幅
![](https://www.soolun.com/img/pic.php?url=data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhEAARAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIABAALAAoAhAAAAAAAAAgGCw0LCwgDAAMGCwsGAw0LCgQIDQ0KCAQGCgQDCAsLCgQAAwgKDQoEBAoLDQMABAAABAQGCw0IBAADCAsLDQMDCAAAAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwU0ICCO4iGQ5EAU6GgESAskChGjx8I0TvtAiQgE9QoEJMNRYiKiVCzKCxRgeAJUAYwDe4SEAAA7)
=72.16dB,波形有畸變,连续性也差。该实例说明采用超声波检测技术可有效鉴定石材质量。
3 结语
石材内部缺陷若采用常规理化性能试验方法检测,不仅周期长、费用高,由于是有损检测,试验数量受限,而采用超声波无损检测快捷方便,更重要的是试验数量不受限制,可以对任何怀疑有问题的石材进行检测,尽管相关标准尚未将其列入,相信随着试验方法的不断成熟,该方法必会成为石材质量检测标准中的一部分。
参考文献:
[1]侯建国.超声技术在建筑用石材质量检测中的应用[J].物探与化探,2003,27(3):244-246.
[2]童寿兴,伍根伙.石材质量的超声波检测技术[J].无损检测,2011,33(2):21-23.
[3]杨毅,杨隽永,范陶峰.安徽凤阳明皇陵石像生风化状况评估及分析[J].石材,2013(7):54-57.
[4]林维正,吴庆曾,施天民,等.土木工程质量无损检测技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2008.
关键词:超声波检测;石材质量;应用
目前的石材质量的检测标准,例如《天然花岗石建筑板材》(GB/T 18601-2009)、《天然板石》(GB/T 18600-2009),检查项目包括外观质量和理化性能两大部分,理化性能规定了体积密度、吸水率、耐气候软化深度、压缩强度、弯曲强度、耐磨性等要求,但无超声波无损检测的规定,实际上利用超声波检测石材内部缺陷简便易行,但因为石材品种、产地、矿物成分、结构等差异,超声波检测只能做相对比较,无法规定具体指标,这可能是规范中没有把它列入的原因吧。然而还是有一些研究者涉足了石材质量超声波检测的研究,侯建国[1]研究了风化石材与未风化石材超声波速与波幅的差异;童寿兴等[2]研究了超声波检测石碑缺陷问题,并得出超声波检测技术完全适用于石材质量检测的结论;杨毅等[3]研究了超声波检测技术对石质文物表面风化程度的检测及风化等级的评估方法。可见,采用超声波检测石材质量是可行的,所以本文对该技术在石材检测中的应用进行了探讨。
1 超声波无损检测技术原理
1.1 超声波及特性
超声波是机械振动在媒介中传播的一种机械波,频率一般在20kHz以上,这个频率也是人耳所能听到的声波上限。石材检测频率一般取100~1000 kHz[4]。超声波在固体介质中会产生纵波和横波,沿固体表面传播产生表面波,沿有界体产生导波。超声波穿透能力强,在固体内会产生透射,而在界面上会产生反射、折射、散射或绕射。超声波的传播速度主要决定于介质性质,致密岩石的波速大于疏松岩石的波速。石材中存在缺陷,即结构上有不连续、不完整状况,如风化、裂缝、孔洞等,超声波就会产生路径、相位的变化,以及不同路径、相位声波的叠加,从而引起波速、波幅的改变以致波形畸变,据此可判断缺陷的性质。
1.2 检测仪器与原理
超声波检测仪器分为金属检测仪和非金属检测仪两大类,研究岩石质量特性应采用非金属检测仪。根据检测原理,非金属检测仪分为透射法检测、折射法检测和反射法检测三种类型。岩石检测主要利用纵波和横波透射原理。发射和接受超声波的装置称作换能器,它是根据电能与声能转换原理制成的。按照换能器布置形式,透射法分为对测法和平测法两种,石材一般采用对测法检测,检测原理如图1所示。
1.3 石材质量与声波检测的相关性
1.3.1 泊松比与声波传播速度之间的关系
泊松比
,其中
为纵波声速(m/s),
为横波声速(m/s)。
反映了岩石的弹性性能,与岩石的完整程度有关。图2是
与
关系曲线,可见
越大,岩石的
也越大。据大量数据统计,完整致密的岩石
=0.25,
=1.73;巖石质量变劣裂隙逐渐发育
=0.35~0.4,
=2.35~2.45;岩体由破碎到非常破碎
=0.4~0.48,
=2.45~7.55。 1.3.2 声速与岩石类型的关系
不同类型的岩石由于地质成因、矿物组合、结构、构造等存在差异,所以波速不一样,表1是部分石材纵波声速特征[1]。可见,致密、强度高的石材声速也大。
1.3.3 声速与岩石风化程度的关系
同一种岩石风化程度不同,它们的声速也存在显著差异,以某地区一种闪长岩不同风化程度实测纵波声速为例:较新鲜岩石声速>6.0km/s;微风化岩石声速5.4~6.0 km/s;弱风化岩石声速3.5~5.4km/s;强风化岩石声速<3.5 km/s。
1.3.4 声速与岩石强度的关系
岩石单轴抗压强度与纵波声速的关系为
,其中
为岩石单轴抗压强度(MPa),
为纵波声速(m/s),
為岩石密度(t/m3)。由该关系式易见
或
增加时
都会增加,但
对
的贡献更大,这也为表1数据所证实。
2 超聲波检测技术在石材质量检测中的应用
2.1 检测程序
石材进场后应按照GB/T 18601-2009、GB/T 18600-2009等相关标准进行检验和验收,并应按图3所示程序进行检测。
在做超声检测时应同时取得新鲜岩石和风化岩石样本,在试验室测定理化性能和超声波速指标,并建立两者之间的关系。石材进场后通过已建立的这种关系鉴定石材的风化程度,可用公式
进行计算。其中
为波速比,
为待测岩石的声速,
为新鲜岩石声速。一般
≥0.9未风化;
=0.8~0.9微风化;
=0.6~0.8中风化;
=0.4~0.6強风化;
=0.2~0.4全风化;
<0.2组织结构完全破坏。 2.2实例分析
某石材应用超声波检测,图4为新鲜岩石和风化岩石检测波形图。其中(a)采用350mm测距,测出波速
=5.5km/s,波幅
=104.39dB,且波形完整,连续性也好;(b)采用150mm测距,波速
=3.6km/s,波幅
=72.16dB,波形有畸變,连续性也差。该实例说明采用超声波检测技术可有效鉴定石材质量。
3 结语
石材内部缺陷若采用常规理化性能试验方法检测,不仅周期长、费用高,由于是有损检测,试验数量受限,而采用超声波无损检测快捷方便,更重要的是试验数量不受限制,可以对任何怀疑有问题的石材进行检测,尽管相关标准尚未将其列入,相信随着试验方法的不断成熟,该方法必会成为石材质量检测标准中的一部分。
参考文献:
[1]侯建国.超声技术在建筑用石材质量检测中的应用[J].物探与化探,2003,27(3):244-246.
[2]童寿兴,伍根伙.石材质量的超声波检测技术[J].无损检测,2011,33(2):21-23.
[3]杨毅,杨隽永,范陶峰.安徽凤阳明皇陵石像生风化状况评估及分析[J].石材,2013(7):54-57.
[4]林维正,吴庆曾,施天民,等.土木工程质量无损检测技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2008.