二十一年以前,和本世纪最杰出的经济学家弗里德里希·哈耶克(Friedrich Von Hayek)共获诺贝尔经济学奖的还有瑞典经济学家冈纳.缪尔达尔(Gannar Myrdal),他们获奖的理由除了“在货币和经济波动理论上的开创性著作”之外,还由于他们对“经济的、社会的和制度现象的内在依赖性”作出了前所未有的精辟分析。哈耶克是自由主义经济学的泰斗,缪尔达尔则是新制度主义学派的始祖。 缪尔达尔对经济、社会和制度现象之间的关系之所以能有如此深刻的洞察力,和他长期在政界担任重要职务有关。一九四八年,他出任联合国欧洲经济委员会秘书长,这一职务不但有助于他了解欧洲事务,也使他得以在一个很偶然的机会访问东南亚诸国,亲眼目睹了这一区域的人民如何在贫穷困苦的边缘艰难求生。此行所见所闻深深震撼了这位经济学家,也决定了他后半生的学术研究取向,一九五八年,缪尔达尔结束他在联合国的任职后,便立即接 Twenty-one years ago, the Nobel Prize for Economics with Friedrich Von Hayek, the most distinguished economist of the century, and the Swedish economist Gannar Myrdal), in addition to their “groundbreaking writings on the theory of monetary and economic fluctuations”, their reason for winning the award was also due to their unequivocal analysis of “the intrinsic dependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena”. Hayek is a leading expert in liberal economics, and Myrdal is the ancestor of the neo-institutionalist school. Myurdal’s profound insight into the relationship between economic, social and institutional phenomena has been linked to his longstanding role in politics. In 1948, he became the Secretary-General of the UN Economic Commission for Europe. This position not only helped him understand European affairs, but also enabled him to witness the people of this region on a very fortunate occasion to visit Southeast Asian countries How to survive on the edge of poverty and poverty. What he saw and heard deeply shocked the economist and determined the orientation of his academic studies in the second half of the year. In 1958, after Myrold ​​ended his office in the United Nations, he immediately linked