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电解质溶液中有关离子浓度的判断是历年高考命题的重点之一,也是主流试题。此类型题常分为三类:(1)单一溶液中离子浓度相对大小的比较;(2)多种溶液中指定离子浓度相对大小比较;(3)两种溶液混合后离子浓度的判断。第(3)类题是高考考查的热点。解上述类型题的关键是掌握“三平衡、三守恒”即弱电解质的电离平衡、盐的水解平衡、水的电离平衡和电解质溶液中的电荷守恒、质子守恒。现将此类题的解题方法做如下总结:
The determination of ion concentration in the electrolyte solution is one of the focuses of the college entrance examination proposition over the years, and is also a mainstream test item. This type of question is often divided into three categories: (1) comparison of relative concentrations of ion concentrations in a single solution; (2) comparison of relative concentrations of specified ions in multiple solutions; (3) determination of ion concentrations after mixing of two solutions. Category (3) is a hot topic for college entrance examination. The key to solving these types of questions is to master the “three-balance, three-conservation,” ie, the ionization balance of the weak electrolyte, the hydrolysis balance of the salt, the ionization balance of water, the conservation of charge in the electrolyte solution, and the conservation of protons. The problem-solving methods for such questions are summarized as follows: