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严格地说,所有的视觉现象都是由色彩和明度造成的。规定形状的界线来自眼睛对属于不同的明度和颜色的面积进行区分的能力。造成三度形状的重要因素——明与暗的区分,也来自这同一根源。甚至于在用单线勾的画上,也只有通过墨水和纸之间的明度和颜色的区别,才可以看出形状。尽管如此,还是应当把形和色说成是两种独立的现象。园形和角形是完全不受那使它们显现的特定明度的制约的。黄地子上的绿色圆盘和蓝地子上的红色圆盘都是一样地圆,而白地子上的黑三角形和黑地子上的白三角形还是一样的三角形。
Strictly speaking, all visual phenomena are caused by color and lightness. The boundaries of shape are derived from the ability of the eye to distinguish between areas of different lightness and color. An important factor in creating the third shape - the distinction between light and dark and from this same source. Even with a single hook on the painting, only through the ink and paper between the brightness and color difference, we can see the shape. In spite of this, the forms and colors should be said to be two separate phenomena. Parks and horns are completely independent of the particular lightness that causes them to manifest. The yellow discs on the Yellow Earth and the Red Disc on the Blue Earth are the same circles, while the black triangles on the White Earth and the White Triangles on the Black Earth are the same triangles.