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常用的防止和减少水合物风险的方法通常是基于注入防止水合物形成的热力学抑制剂,或是使用能够充分延迟水合物成核/生长的动力学抑制剂。目前,所需的抑制剂量要么通过计算,要么就取决于室内实验。影响抑制剂量的因素有:含水率、油气相中抑制剂的损耗、含水和不含水流体的组成以及运行条件。一般来说,需要考虑一个安全系数,所得到的抑制剂在上游注入而在下游没有进行太多的测量。尽管通常有一个安全裕量,但是仍然形成了天然气水合物,这将导致严重的运行安全问题。这主要是由于系统条件改变(如速率和含水量)或设备故障引起的。在大多数情况下,抑制剂量不仅是必需的,而且不会随着季节变化而进行调整,这将影响资本支出/运营成本。作为一个合作工业项目的结果,开发了几种基于下游和在线测量的新技术:①监测水合物安全裕量以优化抑制剂注入速率;②作为水合物堵塞早期预警系统检测水合物的初始形成。这些技术的主要优点包括:减少了所需的抑制剂量,防止了水合物引起的管道堵塞,从而降低了抑制剂的成本,减少了对环境的影响,降低了补救措施成本以及保证了连续生产。该项目研发了大量的技术,并选择了一些技术进行样机开发。开发的样机在项目赞助商的实验室经过了试验,一些在商业化生产中经过了试验。
Commonly used methods to prevent and reduce the risk of hydrates are usually based on the injection of a thermodynamic inhibitor that prevents hydrate formation or a kinetic inhibitor that sufficiently delays the nucleation / growth of the hydrate. Currently, the amount of inhibitor required is either calculated or determined by laboratory experiments. Factors that affect the amount of inhibitor include: moisture content, inhibitor depletion in the hydrocarbon phase, composition of aqueous and non-aqueous fluids, and operating conditions. In general, a safety factor needs to be considered, with the resulting inhibitor injected upstream without too much downstream measurement. Although there is usually a safety margin, gas hydrates are still formed, which can lead to serious operational safety issues. This is mainly due to changes in system conditions (such as rate and moisture content) or equipment failures. In most cases, inhibiting doses is not only necessary, it does not change with seasons, which will affect capital expenditures / operating costs. As a result of a collaborative industrial project, several new technologies based on downstream and on-line measurements have been developed: ① Monitoring hydrate safety margins to optimize inhibitor injection rates; ② Initiating hydrate formation as an early warning system for hydrate blockage. The main advantages of these technologies include: reducing the amount of inhibitor required, preventing clogging of plumbing pipes, reducing the cost of inhibitors, reducing environmental impact, reducing remediation costs, and ensuring continuous production. The project developed a large number of technologies, and selected a number of technologies for prototype development. Prototypes have been tested in project sponsors’ laboratories and some have been tested in commercial production.