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蜕皮激素信号主导调控昆虫的蜕皮和变态,决定昆虫的发育时间;IIS-TORC1信号整合生长因子、激素、营养和能量信号,决定昆虫的生长速率。蜕皮激素和IIS-TORC1信号之间发生3种分子互作:(1)IIS-TORC1信号促进前胸腺和卵巢合成蜕皮激素前体。(2)在蜕皮和变态期间,蜕皮激素抑制脂肪体细胞内IIS-TORC1信号、Myc的转录、细胞生长及其内分泌功能,导致脑神经分泌细胞分泌胰岛素样肽的功能减弱,从而降低昆虫全身性的IIS-TORC1信号。(3)在幼虫摄食期间,胰岛素信号抑制FOXO的转录活性,降低了蜕皮激素受体EcR的转录共激活因子DOR编码基因的转录水平,从而阻碍了蜕皮激素信号传导。蜕皮激素信号和IIS-TORC1信号协同调控发育时间和生长速率共同决定昆虫的个体大小。
Ecdysone signals dominate the molting and metamorphosis of insects and determine the developmental time of insects. The signal of IIS-TORC1 integrates growth factors, hormones, nutrition and energy signals to determine the growth rate of insects. Three molecular interactions occur between ecdysone and the IIS-TORC1 signal: (1) The IIS-TORC1 signal promotes the synthesis of ecdysone precursors in the anterior thymus and ovary. (2) During ecdysis and metamorphosis, ecdysone inhibits the transcription of IIS-TORC1 signal, Myc, growth and endocrine function in fat cells, resulting in weakened secretion of insulin-like peptide by brain neurosecretory cells, IIS-TORC1 signal. (3) During larval feeding, insulin signaling inhibited the transcriptional activity of FOXO and decreased the transcriptional level of ecdysone receptor EcR transcriptional co-activator DOR-encoding gene, thus hindering ecdysone signaling. Ecdysone signal and IIS-TORC1 signal co-regulate developmental time and growth rate together determine the individual size of insects.