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小胶质细胞是存在于大脑中的吞噬细胞。自从二十世纪二十年代,小胶质细胞被发现以来,已经有大量关于它的研究。小胶质细胞体外培养研究已经大大增加了我们对这种细胞的了解。但是,小胶质细胞对脑内极其微小的变化都会产生反应,因此必须尽量在在体环境中对这种细胞进行研究。影像技术和转基因标记技术的发展使得研究者可以在在体环境中研究小胶质细胞。这些在体的研究改变了我们对于小胶质细胞的认识:即便在健康成年脑组织中,小胶质细胞也是活跃的。现在,越来越多的证据显示,小胶质细胞可以直接影响神经元的活动。因此,了解小胶质细胞,特别是其与神经元间的相互作用,具有重要的意义。本文即对研究小胶质细胞的3种动物模型进行综述,讨论各自的特点和优势,并列举近年来研究小胶质细胞所获得的成果。笔者认为,建立更多的研究小胶质细胞的动物模型有助于更全面的了解小胶质细胞的功能。
Microglia are phagocytes that are found in the brain. Since the discovery of microglia in the 1920s, there has been a great deal of research on it. In vitro studies of microglia have greatly increased our knowledge of this cell. However, as microglia respond to very small changes in the brain, they must be studied in vivo as much as possible. The advances in imaging technology and genetically modified markers have allowed researchers to study microglial cells in vivo. These in vivo studies have changed our understanding of microglia: microglia are also active, even in healthy adult brain tissue. Now, more and more evidence shows that microglia can directly affect neuronal activity. Therefore, understanding microglia, especially their interactions with neurons, is of great importance. In this paper, three animal models of microglia are reviewed, and their respective characteristics and advantages are discussed. The results of microglia research in recent years are listed. The author believes that the establishment of more animal models of microglia contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the function of microglia.