Xyloglucans in the non-lignified primary cell walls of different species of monocotyledons have diverse structures,with widely varying proportions of oligosaccharide units that contain fucosylated side chains(F side chains).To determine whether fucosylated xyloglucans occur in all non-lignified walls in a range of monocotyledon species,we used immunofluorescence microscopy with the monoclonal antibody CCRC-M1.The epitope of this antibody,α-L-Fucp-(1→2)-β-D-Galp.occurs in F side chains.In most non-commelinid monocotyledons,the epitope was found in all non-lignified walls.A similar distribution was found in the palm Phoenix canariensis,which is a member of the basal commelinid order Arecales.However,in the other commelinid orders Zingiberales,Commelinales,and Poales,the occurrence of the epitope was restricted,sometimes occurring in only the phloem walls,but often also in walls of other cell types including stomatal guard and subsidiary cells and raphide idioblasts.No epitope was found in the walls of the commelinids Tradescantia virginiana(Commelinaceae,Commelinales)and Zea mays(Poaceae,Poales),but it occurred in the phloem walls of two other Poaceae species,Lolium multiflorum and L.perenne.The distribution of the epitope is discussed in relation to xyloglucan structures in the different taxa.However,the functional significance of the restricted distributions is unknown.