自七十年代以来，经历了越战、石油危机和第三世界债务危机等一连串事件之后，在低收入国家以至西方发达国家内部，滋生了对现代化道路怀疑甚至批判的思潮。伴随着现代化发展出现的种种社会恶果，包括贫富不均、不断增长的失业人口、环境破坏、种族冲突、政治迫害、军备竞... Since the seventies, after experiencing a series of incidents such as the Vietnam War, the oil crisis and the third world debt crisis, the trend of doubting or even criticizing the modernization path has arisen in the low-income countries and even in the western developed countries. Accompanied by the various social consequences of modernization, including the disparity between the rich and the poor, the growing jobless population, environmental destruction, ethnic conflicts, political persecution and armaments ...