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放疗是食管癌最主要的治疗手段之一，而放疗抵抗是食管癌放疗面临的最大困扰和障碍。放射敏感性是当今肿瘤放射生物学研究的重点和难点。多种基因可影响食管癌的放射敏感性，如果能筛选出放射敏感性的决定性基因，对于研究放射增敏、靶向治疗和预测放疗效果指导个体化治疗等具有重要意义。本文将从不同的信号转导通路入手就以往研究中食管癌放射敏感性相关的主要基因及重要分子标志物作一综述。“,”Radiotherapy is one of the most important treatment methods for esophageal carcinoma. However, radiation resistance is the biggest problem and obstacle for patients with esophageal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy. Radiosensitivity is the focus and difficulty in the study of tumor radiobiology. A variety of genes and their expression products affect the radiosensitivity of esophageal carcinoma. Consequently, if the genes and biomarkers that determine radiosensitivity can be detected before radiotherapy, it will play a vital role in investigating the mechanism of radiotherapy sensitization, targeted therapy and radiotherapy efficacy prediction to guide individual therapy. In this article, major genes and biomarkers associated with esophageal carcinoma radiosensitivity in recent years were reviewed from different signal transduction pathways.