System validation and density fluctuation calibration of phase contrast imaging (PCI) on an HL-2A tokamak are presented. Signals from different channels show not only a pronounced modulation of an incident laser beam induced by a sound wave, but also an e
The spin effect on a single-mode single-polarization optical fiber is investigated theoretically and numerically. To get a practical single elliptically polarized fiber the normalized spin rate must be in the range of 0.2–0.35. A single elliptically polar
In this paper, a passively Q-switched and mode-locked c-cut Nd-doped vanadate crystal self-Raman laser at 1.17 μm is firstly demonstrated by using Cr4 :YAG. Two crystals of Nd3 :YVO4and Nd3 :GdVO4are