科学社会主义在本世纪以来经历了一段曲折和艰辛的发展历程，社会主义各国也呈现出复杂的特点。在中国革命和建设时期，以毛泽东为代表的中共领导人，在对建设社会主义道路的探索中取得了重要成果，但也出现过认识上的偏差。新时期，以邓小平为核心的中共领导人，总结了以往的历史经验和教训，解放思想，实事求是，把科学社会主义推向了新的发展阶段。 Scientific socialism has experienced a tortuous and arduous course of development since the turn of the century, and various socialist countries have also shown their complex characteristics. During the period of China’s revolution and construction, the leaders of the CPC, represented by Mao Zedong, achieved important results in their exploration of the road to socialism, but there were also perceived deviations. In the new period, the CPC leaders with Deng Xiaoping at the core summarized the past historical experiences and lessons learned, emancipated the mind, sought truth from facts, and pushed scientific socialism to a new stage of development.