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改革开放以来,从出口规模和出口产品结构来看,墨西哥的国际竞争力呈现出不断上升的趋势。但“繁荣”的代价是国内出口企业和非出口型企业间、国内出口企业和发达国家企业间的差距均在扩大。这些差距使出口型企业与国外的相关企业形成产业价值链,削弱了国内企业间和部门间的联系。这样,即使有自主的技术创新,新技术也不能得到有效传播。对外产业价值链的形成和发展,抑制了企业对本国科研成果的需求,再加上本国科研机构与企业之间缺乏有效的沟通,需求不足又抑制了国内研发创新的开展。另外,企业本身研发能力和模仿创新能力也较差。上述因素形成合力,产生了恶性循环经济发展——对外技术需求扩大——外国技术带动了企业全面的现代化改造——竞争力提高——对外技术更多的需求。也就是说,墨西哥更高水平的经济发展意味着更强的对外科学技术的依附。如何通过自主的技术创新来摆脱技术依附,是21世纪墨西哥面临的巨大挑战。
Since the reform and opening up, in terms of the scale of exports and the structure of export products, Mexico’s international competitiveness has shown a rising trend. However, the cost of “prosperity” is that the gap between domestic exporters and non-export-oriented ones, domestic exporters and developed countries is widening. These gaps make export-oriented enterprises and related enterprises abroad form an industrial value chain, weakening the links between domestic enterprises and departments. In this way, new technologies can not be effectively disseminated even with independent technological innovations. The formation and development of foreign industrial value chain has restrained the demand of enterprises for their own scientific research achievements. In addition, the lack of effective communication between domestic research institutes and enterprises, and the lack of demand have restrained the development of domestic research and innovation. In addition, their own research and development capabilities and imitation of innovation is also poor. These factors formed a synergy and created a vicious cycle of economic development - the expansion of foreign demand for technology - foreign technology has led to an all-round modernization of enterprises - increased competitiveness - more foreign technology needs. In other words, a higher level of economic development in Mexico means stronger dependence on external science and technology. How to get rid of technology dependence through independent technological innovation is a great challenge that Mexico faces in the 21st century.