Birds,bats,and insects in the wild often fly through a variety of perturbed aerial conditions,including turbulence and variable winds,rain,and transit through vegetation which presents both obstacles and voids over a range of spatial frequencies.In the laboratory,such factors can either be eliminated or at least minimized,facilitating the study of "clean air" flight performance.Although highly informative,many other features of animal flight derive from various compensatory kinematics and aerodynamics that can only be elicited via perturbations,using either impulsive or sustained mechanical and sensory cues.Such aspects of performance are much less studied relative to steady-state horizontal flight or hovering,but are essential to flight and survival in the natural world.Aerial maneuverability more generally is a topic under intense current investigation,but specific aspects of axial and torsional agility used when flying under in the aforementioned environmental conditions remain largely unstudied.