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Background: In China, nearly 2/3 of men smoke.Secondhand smoke in public venues is a serious problem.On May 1,2011, an indoor smoking ban in public venues issued by the Chinese Ministry of Health came into effect.Methods: During April, 2011, we conducted a survey in restaurants, cyber-cafes, and hospitals in West-Beijing District, and in all railway stations and long-haul bus stations in urban Beijing.Trained observers surreptitiously recorded the presence of tobacco control measures ("No Smoking" signs, anti-smoking posters), cigarette advertising and sales, and presence of ashtrays in public venues.They also observed smoking among public venue customers during a 30 minute observation period.A smoking venue was defined as ≥1 person observed smoking.Data analysis accounted for the complex survey design.Results: All venues had ≥1 tobacco control measure; 57% had ≥4 measures; 66% had "No Smoking" signs (range: 50% in restaurants to 91% in hospitals); 7.9% had anti-smoking posters (range: 0% in railway stations to 21% in hospitals).Conversely, 11% sold cigarettes, particularly long-haul bus stations (36%); and 31% of cyber-cafes provided ashtrays in no-smoking areas.A higher number of control measures was associated with less observed smoking (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.41-1.0 with each increased measure using logistic regression).In restaurants, smoking was twice as likely to occur when ashtrays were provided (RR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.4-3.3) and 1.5 times as likely to occur when cigarettes were sold (RR=1.5, 95% CI: 0.83-2.6).Conclusions: Tobacco control measures have positive effects on smoking control but are not widely available in public venues.We recommend both strengthening smoking control measures and prohibiting advertisements and sales.