Multiple and diversified antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters were identified and characterized from several independent Streptomyces strains which included those for:(1) nanchangrnycin,a polyether ionophore compound similar to dianemycin.(2) meilingmycin,a macrolide compound structurally similar to avermectin and milbemycin αl 1.(3) nanligomycin,a novel series of oligomycin homologs.(4) a cmplete gene cluster for biosynthesis of a polyene complex,FR-008,which was characterized to encode candicidin biosynthesis.(5) a gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of valida mycin,an aminocyclitol antibiotic widely used as a control agent for sheath blight disease of rice plant.(6) oxa zolo mycin (OZM) produced by Streptomyces albus JA3453,a hybrid peptide-polyketide antibiotic structurally characterized by an unprecedented spiro-linked β-1actone/γ-lactam moiety,an oxazole ring,an (E,E)-diene,and a (Z,Z,E)-triene chain,which exhibits potent antitumor,anti-HIV,but limited antibacterial activities.The demonstrated examples and perspectives for the combinatorial biosynthesis of the novel compounds by targeted engineering using these gene clusters,or in combination with genes from other pathways,will be presented.