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78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone whose induction by ER stress confers cytoprotection against cell death.Since ER stress-induced macrophage apoptosis contributes to advanced atherosclerotic lesions,we sought to understand the effects of lipidlowering agents,statins,on unfolded protein response (UPR) and the underlying signaling pathway.