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When immersed in an electrolyte solution,a charged particle would be enveloped in an ionic cloud of screening counter-ions,denoted the Debye layer.Application of an external electric field to a suspension of such charged particles can result in the steady motion of the solid particulates.The physical picture underlying this phenomenon,known as the electrophoresis effect,can be dated back to Smoluchowski in which the crucial element is the electroosmotic fluid flow in the Debye layer.