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Background Human menstrual blood stem cells (MBSCs) have the potential to be "off the shelf" clinical reagents.Here, we first studied MBSC therapy in an immunocompetent rat model of myocardial infarction (MI).Methods The cytokine expression of human MBSCs and the effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured in vitro.MBSCs were intramyocardially injected into the infarct border zone of Sprague-Dawly rats 30 minutes after coronary ligation.Echocardiography, microPET and histological study were performed 4 weeks after transplantation.