Plexiform lesions(PLs),which are often accompanied by perivascular infiltrates of mononuclear cells,represent the hallmark lesions of pulmonary arteries in humans suffering from severe pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH).Endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)have been recently implicated in the formation of PLs in human patients.PLs rarely develop in rodent animal models of PAH but can develop spontaneously in broiler chickens.The aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of EPCs in the PLs in broilers.The immune mechanisms involved in EPC dysfunction were also evaluated.Lungs were collected from commercial broilers at 1 to 4 weeks of age.The right/total ventricle ratios indicated normal pulmonary arterial pressures for all sampled birds.Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of EPC markers(CD133 and VEGFR-2)and proangiogenic molecule hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)in the lung samples.An EPC/lymphocyte co-culture system was used to investigate the functional changes of EPCs under the challenge of immune cells.PLs with different cellular composition were detected in the lungs of broilers regardless of age,and they were commonly surrounded by moderate to dense perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates.Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of CD133+and VEGFR-2+cells in PLs.These structures also exhibited strong expression of HGF.Lymphocyte co-culture enhanced EPC apoptosis and completely blocked HGF-stimulated EPC survival and in vitro tube formation.Taken together,this work provides evidence for the involvement of EPCs in the development of PLs in broilers.It is suggested that the local immune cell infiltrate might serve as a contributor to EPC dysfunction by inducing EPC death and limiting their response to angiogenic stimuli.Broiler chickens may be valuable for investigating reversibility of plexogenic arteriopathy using gene-modified inflammation-resistant EPCs.