Ticks are obligate,blood-feeding ectoparasites which usually parasitize mammals,birds and reptilia,and are among the most important vectors of pathogens.
Vegetative insecticidal proteins(Vip),secreted by many Bacillus thuringiensis strains during their vegetative growth stage,are regarded as second generation insecticidal proteins for they share no seq
Diamondback moth(DBM),Plutella xylostella(L.)(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)is a notorious insect pest attacking cruciferous plants,causing a loss of US$4-5 billions per year worldwide.