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Background and aims Secondary end-organ damage in diabetes has generally been thought to result from long-term passive shunting of excess glucose through alternative metabolic pathways.In this study,we examined the over-expression of arginine vasopressin(AVP) in magnocellular neurosecretory cells(MNCs) of the hypothalamus and the expression of AVP receptors ( RVP) in kidney,to see weather it related to the development of diabetic nephropathy(DN).