Nanotechnology is the creation of new materials, devices and systems at the molecular level-phenomena associated with atomic and molecular interactions strongly influence macroscopic material properties [according to I.Aksay of Princeton]; with significantly improved mechanical, optical, chemical, electrical...properties.In the 21st century, the transcendent technologies include nanotechnology, microelectronics, information technology and biotechnology as well as the enabling and supporting mechanical and civil infrastructure systems and materials.These technologies are the primary drivers of the twenty first century and the new economy.Mechanics and materials are essential elements in all of the transcendent technologies.An overview of research opportunities, education and challenges in mechanics and materials, including multi-scale modeling, nanomechanics, smart materials, self-healing materials, self-cleaning materials, carbon nano-tubes, bio-inspired materials, coatings, fire-resistant materials as well as other improved engineering and design of materials are to be presented and discussed.