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Despite the abundant accomplishments of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)transplantation,only a small fraction of the grafted cells migrate to the target areas,more efficient strategies for BMSCs delievery are still needed to be explored,we thus designed this experiment.The animal models were established and manipulated with phosphate buffer saline,BMSCs,or BMSC+erythropoietin(EPO)separately.Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan(BBB)motor scale and grid walk test were utilized to estimate neurological rehabilitation.Immunofluorescence assay was performed to identify the distribution of BMSCs.Transwell assay was carried out to detect cellular migration in vitro.The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)was conducted to determine apoptotic index of the lesion region.Western blotting analysis was used to evaluate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).The BBB scores of BMSCs+EPO group was significantly higher than that of BMSCs groups(P<0.05).BMSCs+EPO treated rats exerted significantly less hind limb slips than that of BMSC groups(P<0.05).Moreover,EPO significantly promoted the migration capacity of BMSCs.The apoptotic indexes in BMSCs+EPO group was significantly lower than that of BMSCs groups(P<0.05).Green fluorescent protein labeled BMSCs were detected and located to the the lesion site of SCI in BMSCs+EPO groups.The expression of VEGF and BDNF in the BMSCs+EPO group were significantly higher than that of BMSCs groups(P<0.05).The results indicated erythropoietin could facilitated the recruitment of BMSCs to the sites of injured spinal cord,boost the expression of BDNF and VEGF and accelerate the neurological functional recovery.