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Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)toxins has been increasingly reported in field populations of insect pests.For resistance management in agriculture,it is important to understand the resistance mechanisms that may be selected in agricultural systems to confer resistance in the field.The cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni,is an important agricultural pest and is one of the two species that have evolved resistance to Bt under selection pressure by formulated Bt var.kurstaki(Btk)sprays in agricultural practice.Btk contains multiple Bt Cry toxins and the Btk resistance evolved in greenhouse populations of T.ni was polygenic.From the Btk resistant T.ni populations,Cry1Ac-resistant and Cry2Ab-resistant strains were isolated.Cry1Acresistance and Cry2Ab-resistance are conferred by two genetically independent mechanisms.Cry1Ac resistance is known to be genetically linked with an ABC transporter(ABCC2)gene,and Cry2Ab resistance is conferred by a novel yet to be understood mechanism.With the rapid development of omics technologies,omics approaches are being used to study the mechanisms of Bt resistance in T.ni.