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Protein corona provides the biological identity for all nanoparticles in vivo.Here we have used dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate bovine serum albumin (BSA) and transferrin (TRF) adsorption on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with different surface modifications (citrate, thiolglycolic acid, cysteine).DLS revealed protein coronas of one to two protein layers with microscopic dissociation constants in the range of 10-s to 10-6 M.TEM imaging revealed protein corona thickness of 2-5 nim, indicating hard coronas with one protein layer.Surface modification was found to affect protein adsorptions.AuNPs with cysteine ligands (-COO-plus-NH3+ surfacegroups) showed higher affinity with BSA and aggregation with TRF.